“…In OSB-PD models above, the PD force density vectors between two points are assumed to be parallel to their relative position vector in deformed state, leading to the limitation of shear deformation for bond vectors. By comparison, three-body potential (TBP) PD model [28][29][30][31], belonging to non-ordinary state-based (NOSB) PD models such as those in the literature [9,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] among others, can resolve this limitation due to introducing three-body interaction potential between material points, which enables the shear deformability of bond vectors. Meanwhile, as researched in Li and Hao [29], if a specific expression, provided by novel TBP, is used, this PD model will take bond shear form in the hypothesis of small deformation conditions and be equivalent to the one presented by Madenci et al [40], that is, the PD model considering bond rotation.…”