“…Generally, the noble metals, such as Au, Pd, and Pt, are used in their metallic state while the transition metals, such as Co, Cu, and Ni, are mostly used in their oxidation forms, which are discussed in the following sections. The mechanisms of the frequently seen mono-metallic (a) Au [162,163], (b) Pd [34,171], (c) Pt [164], (d) Co [110,165,166], (e) Cu [167,168], and (f) Ni [169,170] materials are summarized in Table 1. Besides, the general reaction mechanisms for the formation of the electroactive intermediates and the electro-oxidation of glucose are also shown and compared in Table 1g.…”