“…In 2000, Silling [Silling (2000)] proposed a novel model, named peridynamics, based on integral equilibrium equations. Since integral equations are mathematically compatible with discontinuities, peridynamics can handle the crack initiation and propagation without introducing a complicated failure criterion [Kilic, Agwai and Madenci (2009)], and Ha et al [Ha and Bobaru (2010); Wang, Oterkus and Oterkus (2018); Shou, Zhou and Berto (2019); Ren, Zhuang and Rabczuk (2016); Rabczuk, Ren and Zhuang (2019)] have successfully applied it to fracture simulations. However, peridynamics suffers from a high computational cost because a point in peridynamics is interacting with numerous points in a finite neighborhood, which results in the expensive computation of the resultant of forces.…”