A nonstandard model

Abstract

An elementary-particle picture developed primarily by Barut as an alternative to the standard model is re-examined. This model is formulated on the basis of strong short-range magnetic interactions among the stable particles (p, e , v) and at present is able to account qualitatively for most of the known phenomena.For more than three decades high-energy physicists have labored to assemble a wealth of data into a modern picture of elementary particles. The result, described principally in terms of quantum field theory (QFT), is a body of conventional wisdom generally referred to as the standard model. This development has not proceeded without reasoned disagreement, however, and a parallel body of other views exists, which have been less successful in reaching fruition. In particular, the work of Asim Barut and colleagues has aimed to construct a more transparent theory of particles that avoids their instantaneous appearance from, and disappearance into, the vacuum--and which abjures the introduction of new forces in a picture already unified by the electromagnetic field. Guided by a penchant for simplicity and a vision of "the way it ought to be", Barut has provided the skeletal structure for an alternative picture that actually turns out to have a measure of flesh on it. The time seems quite appropriate to gather together and review the essential features of these alternate views, due primarily to one who is very definitely a nonstandard model himself. THE S T A N D A R D M O D E LRegardless of what the future holds, the so-called standard model of particles and fields, consisting of the electroweak theory and quantum

Maximum information entropy principle and the interpretation of probabilities in statistical mechanics − a short review

“…Grandy [15,16] interpreted the equations ( 19) as the general rule in the probability theory, whose special case is the first law of thermodynamics. Indeed, for a macroscopic system, if f k (x i ) = E i for all i, then the corresponding equation ( 19) has the form of the first law of thermodynamics…”

“…where E = U is the internal energy of the system and δW = δE is the work done on the system. According to [15,16], the heat δQ is the energy transfered through the degrees of freedom over which we don't have control, while the work δW is the energy transfered through the degrees of freedom which we do control. In such an interpretation, the generalized δQ k is the part of the change of the corresponding expectation value δ f k (x) related to the change in the probability distribution by equation (19).…”

“…Section II is a brief introduction on the Shannon's concept of information entropy [12], and on the principle of maximum information entropy and MaxEnt formalism formulated by Jaynes [13,14]. Section III deals with the interpretation of MaxEnt formalism in statistical mechanics as given by Jaynes [13] and Grandy [15,16]. Section IV introduces the independent interpretation of probabilities in statistical mechanics on the basis of the principle of maximum information entropy.…”

“…Furthermore, Grandy has brought generalized terms δQ k into connection with the change of the macroscopic constraints brought by means of the external influences on the system. Based on that, Grandy[15][16][17][18] has developed a generalized approach which, along with the generalization of the Liouville-von Neumann equation for the density matrix through the application of the MaxEnt formalism, leads to the derivation of the macroscopic equations of motion.…”

Nonequilibrium electromagnetics: Local and macroscopic fields and constitutive relationships

“…Kubo's linear-response theory has also been used for electromagnetic correlation studies [10,11]. Grandy has recently presented a theory of nonequilibrium processes based on maximum entropy with new insights into Liouville's equation [12].…”