A Normative Study of the Trail Making Test A and B in Greek Adults

Zalonis, Ioannis; Kararizou, Evangelia; Triantafyllou, Nikolaos; Kapaki, E.; Papageorgiou, Sokratis G.; Sgouropoulos, P.; Vassilopoulos, Demetrios

doi:10.1080/13854040701629301

Cited by 145 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Greek Version of the Trail Making Tests Parts A and B [12,31] . The Trail Making Test provides information on visual search, scanning, speed of processing, mental flexibility, and executive functions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive-Linguistic Performance and Quality of Life in Healthy Aging

Constantinidou

Prokopiou

Nikou

et al. 2015

Folia Phoniatr Logop

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Background/Aims: This study investigated quality of life (QoL) in relation to cognitive-linguistic performance and demographic characteristics (age, education and gender) in a large cohort of cognitively healthy older adults. Method: A total of 578 Greek-Cypriots aged 60-91 years were recruited from the Neurocognitive Study on Aging. Of those, 395 healthy participants (171 males and 224 females) who met all study criteria were retained. They completed measures of executive functioning, working memory, receptive vocabulary and confrontational naming in addition to the WHOQOL-BREF (brief version of the WHO QoL questionnaire). Results: There were modest but significant relationships between executive functioning, working memory, vocabulary measures and the WHOQOL-BREF (p < 0.01). MANOVA yielded significant gender and education effects on QoL. Sequential stepwise regression confirmed that gender, depression scores and years of education made significant contributions to predicting the total score on WHOQOL-BREF and accounted for 31% of the variance (R² = 0.310). Conclusion: Self-reports of QoL remain stable in older adulthood. Demographic variables such as gender and years of education affected several domains of QoL, and, along with depression symptomatology, accounted for a significant part of the WHOQOL-BREF variance. Cognitive-linguistic measures correlated on the physical and psychological health domains of the WHOQOL-BREF in healthy older adults.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive-Linguistic Performance and Quality of Life in Healthy Aging

Constantinidou

Prokopiou

Nikou

et al. 2015

Folia Phoniatr Logop

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“…The Greek Version of the Trail Making Test Parts A and B [64,65] . The Trail Making Test provides information on visual search, scanning, speed of processing, mental flexibility, and executive functions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Age and Education on Executive Functioning and Oral Naming Performance in Greek Cypriot Adults: The Neurocognitive Study for the Aging

Constantinidou¹,

Prokopiou²

2012

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Background/Aims: Age, educational experiences, language and culture can affect linguistic-cognitive performance. This is the first systematic study investigating linguistic-cognitive aging in Greek Cypriot adults focusing on executive functioning (EF) and oral naming performance. Method: Three hundred and fifty-nine participants were included, a group of young-old, aged 60–75 years (n = 231), and a group of old-old participants, aged 76 years and older (n = 128). Participants in each age group were divided into three education groups: 0–4 years (n = 50), 5–9 years (n = 198), and 10 years of education and higher (n = 111). Participants were administered 5 measures of EF along with measures of receptive vocabulary and confrontational naming. Results: There was a significant relationship between the EF composite score and all language measures. MANOVA (α = 0.05) indicated significant age and education effects on most measures of EF and language. Performance on receptive vocabulary and cognitive shift remained stable across age groups, but was mediated by education. Conclusion: Education plays a significant role on all measures requiring semantic organization, speed of information processing, cognitive shift, mental flexibility, receptive vocabulary and confrontational naming. Furthermore, strategic thinking has a role in semantic knowledge, word retrieval and semantic access in healthy aging. We conclude with clinical implications and assessment considerations in aphasia.

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“…In the last 10 years, many studies have improved TMT normative data stratifying norms according to different demographic variables such as age, education, or gender (Heaton, Miller, Taylor, & Grant, 2004;Mitrushina, Boone, Razani, & D'Elia, 2005;Strauss, Sherman, & Spreen, 2006). For instance, norms exist for North American (Drane, Yuseph, Huthwaite, & Klingler, 2002;Steinberg, Bieliauskas, Smith, & Ivnik, 2005), Canadian (Tombaugh, 2004), Australian (Hester, Kinsella, Ong, & McGregor, 2005), Italian (Giovagnoli et al, 1996), Chinese (Lu & Bigler, 2002), Japanese (Hashimoto et al, 2006), Greek (Zalonis et al, 2010), Indian (Bhatia et al, 2007), and Korean healthy populations (Seo et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A Preliminary Study on the Trail-Making Test in Arabic–English Bilingual Young Adults

Razzak

2012

Applied Neuropsychology: Adult

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The Trail-Making Test (TMT) is used in different neuropsychological test batteries. It consists of two parts: TMT-Part A, which tests visual scanning and psychomotor speed, and TMT-Part B, which assesses more complex cognitive processes. TMT normative data have been established in many non-Arab countries either using the original English version or a version developed with the native language. The aim of this study was to compare TMT performance between the English TMT and a constructed Arabic TMT in young Arabic-English bilingual college students from three Arabian Gulf states. Scores from 83 participants who took the English TMT and 52 who took the Arabic TMT were included. Arabic TMT (both parts) scores were significantly poorer compared with English TMT scores. Arabic TMT scores were also poorer than were other norms for this age group and education level, but they were better than those reported from another study using the Arabic TMT. Moreover, there were nonsignificant differences in performance between participants from these three countries; however, these findings are inconclusive as sample sizes were small. These findings suggest that Arabic TMT norms cannot be unified for all Arabic countries, and separate Arabic TMT norms including all age groups and education levels must be established for each Arabic country.

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A Normative Study of the Trail Making Test A and B in Greek Adults

Cited by 145 publications

References 13 publications

Cognitive-Linguistic Performance and Quality of Life in Healthy Aging

Cognitive-Linguistic Performance and Quality of Life in Healthy Aging

The Effects of Age and Education on Executive Functioning and Oral Naming Performance in Greek Cypriot Adults: The Neurocognitive Study for the Aging

A Preliminary Study on the Trail-Making Test in Arabic–English Bilingual Young Adults

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