A note on loud and lombard speech

Lip hyper-articulation in loud voice: Effect on resonance-harmonic proximity

“…The acoustic consequences of R1 and R2 variations on the reorganization of the whole vowel system are shown in Fig 3 . To sum-up, the variations of R1 and R2 in 'naturally' loud voice (UL) were in agreement with the variations of F1 and F2 reported in previous studies of loud and shouted speech (Bond and Moore, 1990;Garnier et al, 2018;Lienard and Di Benedetto, 1999;Rostolland, 1982b). They mainly consisted in a shift of the vowel system towards higher frequencies of the first resonance R1 and a tendency towards a slight reduction of the vowel system along the back-front dimension, due to the greater increase in R2 on back rounded vowels.…”

“…Concomitant modifications of the vocal tract articulation are also observed with increased vocal effort. In particular, vowels in loud speech are articulated with an increased mouth aperture and a higher vertical position of the larynx (Garnier et al, 2018;Geumann, 2001;Schulman, 1989), both associated with an increase of the frequency of the first vocal tract resonance (R1) and of the formant (F1) it produces (Bond and Moore, 1990;Lienard and Di Benedetto, 1999;Rostolland, 1982b;Traunmüller and Eriksson, 2000). Variation of the second formant frequency (F2) is less consistent and depends on languages and vowel categories.…”

Archives of Acoustics

“…Moreover, there is a series of additional difficulties in speech caused by wearing a protective or an oxygen mask described in literature, such as: Lombard effect (Bond, Moore, 1990), change in mouth opening impedance (Vojnović et al, 2017), change in speaking rate (Bond et al, 1989), changes in articulation (Bond et al, 1989), mask respiratory valves noise (Vojnović, Mijić, 1997). There is also some influence of various breathing gas mixtures, positive pressure breathing, etc.…”