A Novel and Effective Balanced Intravenous-Inhalant Anaesthetic Protocol in Swine by Using Unrestricted Drugs

Calzetta, Luigino; Rossi, Piero; Bove, Pierluigi; Alfonsi, Pietro; Bonizzi, L.; Roncada, Paola; Bernardini, Roberta; Ricciardi, Edoardo; Montuori, Mauro; Pistocchini, Elena; Mauti, Paolo; Mattei, Maurizio

doi:10.1538/expanim.14-0011

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The best intubation recumbency (Theisen et al, 2009), the use of a plastic guide (Hartmann et al, 1971) and the best anaesthesia protocols are still being developed and complications described in order to improve the intubation of pigs (Zigmantaite et al, 2018) (Kurita et al, 2022). Ketamine is the primary anaesthetic drug, mainly used for pig anaesthesia; a well-known ketamine potential side effect is hypersalivation, which can lead to laryngospasm (Heinz et al, 2006); therefore, the use of atropine in combination with ketamine is often recommended in anaesthesia protocols (Calzetta et al, 2014). Atropine sulphate is known to reduce the risk of laryngospasm by its antisialogogous action decreasing secretions (Gavel and Walker, 2014).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many authors and guidelines recommend the use of atropine sulphate for its antisialogogous effect, intramuscularly or intravenously, at the beginning of premedication or induction (Calzetta et al, 2014); however, its effect has not been fully defined or proven (Steinbacher et al, 2012). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of atropine sulphate on laryngeal visibility and accessibility, thus facilitating the complex and life-threatening intubation of pigs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Atropine Sulphate on Laryngeal Accessibility and Visibility for Swine Intubation

Zigmantaitė

Jonušaitė

Grigalevičiūtė

et al. 2022

ASD

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Background: Animal intubation is necessary in painful surgery procedures in order to maintain general anaesthesia and analgesia. In swine, orotracheal intubation is difficult or impossible; all possible measures to improve it need to be explored. Methods: Two groups of a total of 20 clinically healthy local mixed breed (Sus scrofa domesticus) premedicated swine underwent intubation. The animals were randomly divided into two groups, one using atropine sulphate (A) and one using saline solution (N), prior to endotracheal intubation. Premedication started with intramuscular injection of xylazine, ketamine and fentanyl. Intubation was performed after induction with thiopental sodium administered intravenously with atropine sulphate or saline solution. Larynxes were photographed and filmed and coded images and videos were sent to investigators for evaluation. Result: In this study, a negative effect of atropine sulphate on the laryngeal visibility, opening and accessibility in local mixed breed anesthetized pigs was identified.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Atropine Sulphate on Laryngeal Accessibility and Visibility for Swine Intubation

Zigmantaitė

Jonušaitė

Grigalevičiūtė

et al. 2022

ASD

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“…Pigs were anesthetized as previously described [ 15 ]. Briefly, the pigs fasted for 12 hours, which was followed by a liquid diet for 4 hours before being anesthetized with ketamine (2 mg/kg), medetomidine (0.06 mg/kg) and azaperone (0.06 mg/kg) by intramuscular injection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Pig Model Using the SAN-Atrial-AVN-His (SAAH) Electrocardiogram (ECG), Model PHS-A10, an Automated and Integrated Signals Recognition System

Zhao

Liu

et al. 2018

Med Sci Monit

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BackgroundThe aim of this study was to compare the use of the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) with the SAN-Atrial-AVN-His (SAAH) ECG (Model PHS-A10), a new automated and integrated signals recognition system that detects micro-waveforms within the P, QRS, and T-wave, in a pig model of acute myocardial infarction (MI).Material/MethodsSix medium-sized domestic Chinese pigs underwent general anesthesia, and an angioplasty balloon was placed and dilated for 120 minutes in the first diagonal coronary artery arising from the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. A standard ECG and a SAAH ECG (Model PHS-A10) were used to evaluate: 1) the number of wavelets in ST-T segment in lead V5; 2) the duration of the repolarization initial (Ri), or duration of the wavelets starting from the J-point to the endpoint of the wavelets in the ST interval; 3) the duration of the repolarization terminal (Rt), of the wavelets, starting from the endpoint of the wavelets in the ST interval to the cross-point of the T-wave and baseline; 4) the ratio Ri: Rt.ResultsFollowing coronary artery occlusion, duration of Ri and Ri/Rt increased, and Rt decreased, which was detected by the SAAH ECG (Model PHS-A10) within 12 seconds, compared with standard ECG that detected ST segment depression at 24 seconds following coronary artery occlusion.ConclusionsThe findings from this preliminary study in a pig model of acute MI support the need for clinical studies to evaluate the SAAH ECG (Model PHS-A10) for the early detection of acute MI.

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“…In general, due to their size and short reproductive cycles, pigs are suitable experimental animals for many surgical techniques requiring the dimensions of the human body (e.g., liver, kidney, heart, circulation, and intestine). Also, there is a strong morphological and functional similarity of the above organ systems in comparisons between humans and pigs [9].Therefore, many surgical techniques were first used in pigs to verify their safety and efficacy [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Different Anaesthetics on Depth of Anaesthesia and Hematological Parameters of Pigs

Link

Reichel²,

Oslancova³

2023

AJAFS

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Four groups of piglets were included in the experiment. In each of the experiments, we applied azaperone as the first premedication drug in the 2nd group 4 mg/kg body weight and in the other groups 5 mg/kg body weight. In experiment no. 1, we subsequently administered diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.m.) and ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.m.) to the piglets. In experiment no. 2, we applied xylazine (2 mg/kg, i.m.) and ketamine (20 mg/kg, i.m.). In experiment no. 3 we used diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.m.), xylazine (2 mg/kg, i.m.) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg, i.m.). In experiment no. 4, we administered xylazine (2 mg/kg, i.m.) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg, i.m.) to piglets. We applied the mentioned drug combinations intramuscularly in the area of the neck muscles. Subsequently, in each of the experiments, we performed epidural anesthesia using 2% lidocaine, in a dose of 1 ml/40 cm of body length. After putting the animals under anesthesia, we recorded breathing and pulse frequencies, body temperature and checked reflex responses at time intervals. We performed a zero blood collection before the application of the first drug, the first collection after anesthesia and then a second collection the next day, in order to determine the hematological profile. From the conducted experiments, we assessed the relationship of the used combinations of substances to the course and depth of anesthesia and, according to the hematological profile, we evaluated the effect of these substances on specific hematological parameters. We recorded the longest duration of anesthesia in the first experiment when one of the piglets had disappeared pedal reflexes even after 90 minutes. On the contrary, the shortest anesthesia was during the third experiment, when all piglets reacted 60 minutes post-lidocaine. During experiments 1 and 3, we noticed a significant drop in body temperature compared to the reference values. In a short time interval after the lidocaine administration, the reflex of the pelvic limbs completely disappeared in all tested subjects in each of the experiments. In experiment no. 3, at time 5 minutes post lidocaine administration, the nasal reflex and the reflex of the forelegs were also negative in all animals. In all tested subjects, 30 minutes after the epidural anesthesia was performed, we observed a negative reflex of the pelvic legs during the second and third trials. During experiment no. 3, we also observed a negative nasal reflex and a reflex of the front legs in the majority of the tested animals in the mentioned time interval.

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A Novel and Effective Balanced Intravenous-Inhalant Anaesthetic Protocol in Swine by Using Unrestricted Drugs

Cited by 13 publications

References 50 publications

Effect of Atropine Sulphate on Laryngeal Accessibility and Visibility for Swine Intubation

Effect of Atropine Sulphate on Laryngeal Accessibility and Visibility for Swine Intubation

Detection of Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Pig Model Using the SAN-Atrial-AVN-His (SAAH) Electrocardiogram (ECG), Model PHS-A10, an Automated and Integrated Signals Recognition System

Efficacy of Different Anaesthetics on Depth of Anaesthesia and Hematological Parameters of Pigs

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