A novel application of small-angle scattering techniques: Quality assurance testing of virus quantification technology

Abstract

Small-angle scattering (SAS) techniques, like small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), were used to measure and thus to validate the accuracy of a novel technology for virus sizing and concentration determination. These studies demonstrate the utility of SAS techniques for use in quality assurance measurements and as novel technology for the physical characterization of viruses. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Analysis of a Common Cold Virus and Its Subviral Particles by Gas-Phase Electrophoretic Mobility Molecular Analysis and Native Mass Spectrometry

“…Data on other virus particles as described in the literature and compiled in ref were included in corr new given that (i) they are spherical, (ii) the EM diameter values were reported from at least two individual sources, and (iii) M r values had been accessed experimentally. Applying these criteria, data points for phage MS2 ,,− and rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) ,, were included in corr new which had a value of y = 0.03062 x 3.67155 . For values below 15 nm EM diameter, this correlation and the composite curve described by Bacher et al are in very good accordance.…”

Physical Characterization of Icosahedral Virus Ultra Structure, Stability, and Integrity Using Electrospray Differential Mobility Analysis

“…Drawbacks of the method include the low temperatures required to prevent electron beam damage to the sample and its expense, which limits availability. More recently, other techniques including small angle neutron scattering (SANS) have become available to determine structure, but this technique, too, suffers from limited availability . With each of these techniques, only a small portion of the structure (e.g., individual proteins) is typically determined.…”

“…ES-DMA has been previously used to measure the size of both large and small viruses including adenovirus (including strain MAD-K87), , rhinovirus (HRV2 and HRV14), , rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), , cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), MS2, ,− cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), reo-3 reovirus, and the Kilham rat virus (KRV) . Viruses with tubular components such as T2, T4, λ-phage, and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) have also been analyzed.…”

Characterization of Mass, Diameter, Density, and Surface Properties of Colloidal Nanoparticles Enabled by Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry

“…They are also used to validate DLS and SAXS measurements. 6,7 The relatively well-developed methodology for producing low polydispersity latex nanoparticles of controlled size and shape has led to their frequent use as standards, especially due to their relatively long-term colloidal stability, resistance to chemical modification, and low cost. 16 However, there can be significant variation (a few nanometers) in the mean measurements of these standards depending on which characterization technique is used.…”

“…Colloidal nanomaterials play an increasingly important role in a broad range of chemical and biological applications. Methods that provide information about the size, shape, and surface properties of nanomaterials are vital in understanding their synthesis pathways, chemistry, and stability. − Several different methods are frequently used to characterize colloidal nanomaterials, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning tunneling electron microscopy (STEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and differential mobility analysis (DMA). − DLS and SAXS are ensemble measurements that use photon scattering from which average nanomaterial properties are inferred. − These measurements have the advantage that they are made directly from solution. In DMA analysis, nanoparticles must be ionized and transferred into the gas phase where their mobilities, which are related to particle size and shape, are measured. − As with DLS and SAXs, DMA analysis is also an ensemble-based measurement, but unlike DLS and SAXS, DMA can separate and distinguish multiple nanoparticle geometries and distinct size distributions present in a single sample with uncertainties as low as ∼1% of the nominal particle diameters. , Images provided by different types of electron microscopies and AFM make it possible to obtain information about the distribution of particle sizes and shapes from multiple individual particle measurements. − Single particle methods are powerful tools to characterize nanoparticles, but challenges associated with cost, sample preparation, and often labor-intensive image analysis can sometimes preclude the use of these microscopy techniques in obtaining robust sampling statistics.…”