“…AFM may also be used to fabricate nanoscale structures using techniques often referred to, with or without the prefix "tip-based, " (Kawasegi et al, 2006;Bourne et al, 2010;Ren et al, 2016) or "nano, " as lithography (Ogino et al, 2008), machining (Yan et al, 2015), manufacturing (Fang et al, 2017), or scratching (Huang et al, 2011). Typically, patterns are fabricated either by applying a high normal loading force to the surface to remove material or by using an electrical bias to inject or collect current and so induce material restructuring (i.e., by local anodic oxidation) (Xie et al, 2006;Garcia et al, 2014).…”