“…As a key part of DSSCs, the photoanode, which is conventionally made of TiO 2 nanocrystal (10e50 nm in diameter) porous film with a high specific surface area and responsible for dye-loading, light-absorption, photoelectron generation and transfer, plays a critical role in determining the final photoelectric conversion efficiency. To obtain higher efficiencies DSSCs, with various morphologies and textures [6], such as nanoparticles (NPs), one-dimension structures (nanorods [7], nanowire [8], and nanotubes [9]) and sub-micron particles have been extensively explored. The conventional TiO 2 NP film usually exhibits high transparency and weak light scattering due to the nanometer particle size, resulting in poor light-harvesting efficiency.…”