A novel approach to utility-scale energy storage

Abstract:The applications of electrochemical technology in environmental treatment, materials recycling, and clean synthesis are briefly reviewed. The diversity of these applications is shown by the number of industrial sectors involved. The scale of operation ranges from microelectrodes to large industrial cell rooms. The features of electrochemical processes are summarized.Available and developing electrode designs are considered and illustrated by examples including the regeneration of chromic acid electroplating baths, metal ion removal by porous, 3-dimensional cathodes, rotating cylinder electrodes (RCEs), and a reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) RCE. The use of performance indicators based on mass transport, electrode area, and power consumption is emphasized.Electrochemical reactors for energy conversion are considered, with an emphasis on load-leveling and proton-exchange membrane (PEM) (hydrogen-oxygen) fuel cells. Ionexchange membranes play an essential role in such reactors, and the variation of electrical resistance vs. membrane thickness is described for a series of extruded, Nafion® 1100 EW materials. The characterization of high-surface-area, platinized Nafion surfaces is also considered. The development of modular, filter-press cells as redox flow cells in electrical loadleveling applications is concisely described.Trends in electrode, membrane, and reactor design are highlighted, and the challenges for the development of improved reactors for environmental treatment are noted.

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“…The most developed systems are based on vanadium-vanadium [39] or bromine-polysulphide [40] (Fig. 9) electrochemistry.…”

Section: Redox Flow Cells For Load Levelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical technology for environmental treatment and clean energy conversion

Walsh

2001

Pure and Applied Chemistry

175

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“…The platinum loading on the positive electrode was 0.6 mg cm À2 . The initial volumes of the negative and positive electrolyte solutions were 100 cm 3 and operating temperature was 368 K. Fresh solutions were used. The cell was operated over five cycles (60, 6 h discharge and 6 h charge).…”

Section: Effect Of Operating Conditions On the Cell Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is modular and comparatively easy to site. These features make it suitable for large-scale energy storage applications [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of a high power density sodium polysulfide/bromine energy storage cell

Zhang

2004

Journal of Applied Electrochemistry

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Nickel catalyst supported on carbon was made by reduction of nickelous nitrate with hydrogen at high temperature. Ni/C catalyst characterization was carried out by XRD. It was found that the crystal phase of NiS and NiS 2 appeared in the impregnated catalyst. Ni/C and Pt/C catalysts gave high performance as the positive and negative electrodes of a sodium polysulfide/bromine energy storage cell, respectively. The overpotentials of the positive and negative electrodes were investigated. The effect of the electrocatalyst loading and operating temperature on the charge and discharge performance of the cell was investigated. A power density of up to 0.64 W cm À2 (V ¼ 1.07 V) was obtained in this energy storage cell. A cell potential efficiency of up to 88.2% was obtained when both charge and discharge current densities were 0.1 A cm À2 .

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“…Bipolar filter-press cells of the type investigated in this paper have been developed as redox flow batteries for energy storage and load levelling purposes [27][28][29]. The redox flow batteries consist of two electrolytes recycled through bipolar cells from large reservoirs; chemical and electrical energy can be interchanged by reversible electrochemical reactions that take place on the electrodes when the electrolytes are charged or discharged [30][31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of electrochemical redox couples have been used to store electrical energy, the most common are: V(II)/V(III); V(IV)/V(V), Fe(II)/Fe(III); Cr(III)/Cr(VI); Zn(0)/Zn(II); polysulfide/sulfide; Br 3 − /Br − . The electrochemical reactor described in this paper was constructed after a series of laboratory bench-scale bipolar electrolysers (area < 0.015 m 2 ) were studied [27]. The reactor was constructed after careful analysis of previous data on smaller laboratory and industrial pilot scales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the reaction environment in a filter-press redox flow reactor

Ponce-de-León

Reade²,

Whyte³

et al. 2007

Electrochimica Acta

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The characteristics of a divided, industrial scale electrochemical reactor with five bipolar electrodes (each having a projected area of 0.72 m 2 ) were examined in terms of mass transport, pressure drop and flow dispersion. Global mass transport data were obtained by monitoring the (first order) concentration decay of dissolved bromine (which was generated in situ by constant current electrolysis of a 1 mol dm −3 NaBr (aq) ). The global mass transport properties have been compared with those reported in the literature for other electrochemical reactors. The pressure drop over the reactor was calculated as a function of the mean electrolyte flow velocity and flow dispersion experiments showed the existence of slow and fast phases, two-phase flow being observed at lower velocities.

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A novel approach to utility-scale energy storage

Cited by 127 publications

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Electrochemical technology for environmental treatment and clean energy conversion

Electrochemical technology for environmental treatment and clean energy conversion

Study of a high power density sodium polysulfide/bromine energy storage cell

Characterization of the reaction environment in a filter-press redox flow reactor

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