Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have aroused increasing interest owing to their promising applications in optoelectronic technologies. Herein, we present the synthesis of an acentric niobium tellurite crystal, Nb 2 Te 3 O 11 , extracted via a spontaneous crystallization approach. It adopts a unique three-dimensional (3D) structure constructed by the distorted [TeO 3 ], [TeO 4 ], and [NbO 6 ] fundamental building units. The title compound undergoes incongruent melting at approximately 807 °C. Optical characterizations demonstrate that Nb 2 Te 3 O 11 possesses an extended transparency window beyond 5 μm, along with a large band gap value of 3.1 eV. Moreover, the as-synthesized Nb 2 Te 3 O 11 displays an appreciable second-harmonic generation (SHG) response of 2 × KDP and a notable birefringence of 0.11 under 1064 nm for achieving phase-matching. In addition, theoretical calculation investigations suggest that the intriguing optical properties are ascribed to the cooperative effect of three types of NLO-active motifs: [TeO 3 ] pyramids, [TeO 4 ] seesaws, and [NbO 6 ] octahedra. These attributes provide new functional insights into Nb 2 Te 3 O 11 and enrich the family of NLO crystals in the mid-infrared region.