“…In recent years, with the increasing popularity of deep learning, more and more deep learning models have been applied to affine shape estimation, orientation assignment and feature description in the process, such as LIFT (Learned invariant feature transform) (Yi, Trulls, et al, 2016), Quad-Networks (Savinov, Seki, et al, 2017). Generally, these models outperform traditional handcrafted algorithms in some aspects and can be said to be considerably potential, but the handcrafted methods are not yet obsolete, such as SIFT(Scale Invariant Feature Transform) (Lowe, 2004), ORB (Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF) (Rublee, Rabaud, et al, 2011) and other algorithms and their improvements still play an important role in various fields such as Gupta et al (Gupta, Thakur, et al, 2020), Zhou et al (Zhou, Wu,et al, 2020), Yang et al (Yang, Huang,et al, 2021), including the application in ceramic microscopic images (Li, Ding, 2018).…”