A Novel Burdock Fructooligosaccharide Induces Changes in the Production of Salicylates, Activates Defence Enzymes and Induces Systemic Acquired Resistance to Colletotrichum orbiculare in Cucumber Seedlings

Abstract

The ability of burdock fructooligosaccharide (BFO), a type of linear fructooligosaccharide extracted and isolated from the roots of Arctium lappa, to induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) was studied in cucumber seedlings. BFO strongly induced changes in salicylic acid (SA) and SA-glucoside (SAG) in BFO-treated leaves, and similar changes of SA and SAG were also found in untreated leaves of the same seedling. The level of SA in the first leaves sprayed with BFO (5.0 g ⁄ l) increased by 3.6 times after 24 h and then gradually declined from 48 to 96 h and finally decreased to a nadir at 120 h. The SAG level increased by 2.1 times at 24 h and then continued to increase to about 10.0 times as much as that in control from 96 to 120 h. The levels of SA in the untreated leaves of the same seedling only increased by 1.6-1.9 times during the period of 24-72 h followed by a decrease at 120 h, while SAG increased by 1.1 times at 24 h but steadily continued to increase to its maximum from 24 to 120 h. In summary, the patterns of expression of SA and SAG in the untreated leaf were similar to that of the treated leaf of the same seedling, while the pattern of expression of SAG was quite different from that of SA both in the treated and untreated leaves. Pretreatment with BFO reduced the lesions caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare by 56.8%. Additionally, the amount of lignin and the activities of some defensive enzymes including peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenoloxidase and b-1,3-glucanase significantly increased in the first leaves pretreated with BFO and followed with C. orbiculare inoculation. These results demonstrate that BFO can enhance the contents of endogenous SA, the resistance against C. orbiculare, and the activities of defensive enzymes of cucumber seedlings.

HPLC–ESI-Q-TOF-MS for a comprehensive characterization of bioactive phenolic compounds in cucumber whole fruit extract

“…In keeping with the findings of Billett et al (Monties et al, 1976) and the observed fragmentation pattern this compound has been suggested as p-coumaric acid-O-glycoside. p-coumaric acid and its isomer were proposed for peaks 38 and 45, which has been reported previously (Gómez-Romero et al, 2011;Bellés et al, 2008;Maksimovic et al, 2007;Daayf, Bel-Rhild, & Belanger, 1997;Daayf, Schmitt, & Bélanger, 1997;Krauze-Baranowsk & Cisowski, 2001;Laporta et al, 2007;Al-Duais et al, 2009;Monties et al, 1976;Zhang et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2008).…”

“…The fragment ion at m/z 137.0236 was already reported elsewhere (Zhang, Wang, Liu, & Chen, 2009;Fofana et al, 2002;Segarra, Jáuregui, Casanova, & Trillas, 2006).…”

Fructans As DAMPs or MAMPs: Evolutionary Prospects, Cross-Tolerance, and Multistress Resistance Potential

“…Recently, it was found that short inulin-type fructans (fructooligosaccharides, FOS) from Arctium lappa or burdock (burdock fructooligosaccharides, BFO) prime plant defenses in different pathosystems. (Wang et al, 2009; Zhang et al, 2009; Sun et al, 2013). Priming, a process believed to occur at the expense of minimal amounts of ATP, brings plants in a “ready-to-go” status, preparing them for a faster and stronger response to future (a)biotic stresses (Conrath, 2015).…”

Gelatin–chitosan–PVA hydrogels and their application in agriculture

“…However, the use of fructans such as inulin may be able to improve and delay diseases in plants as they that can act as a molecular pattern associated with damage and active defense mechanisms that prevent attack by pathogens . For example, fructans isolated from Arctium lappa , activated pathogen‐response proteins, like β‐1,3 glucanases and peroxidases in cucumber plants . Therefore, the use of inulin as an elicitor for disease control is an alternative to keep plants protected due to the delay in infection by pathogens.…”

“…Fructans are a class of elicitors that show a beneficial effect on the control of diseases, for example in cucumber plants, because they induce resistance mechanisms and control postharvest diseases; they also present antimicrobial activities against pathogens . The inulin from Dahlia (I) is a fructan that can act as a molecular pattern associated with damage and activate the innate immune response of the plant through receptors .…”