A Novel Combined Dry Powder Inhaler Comprising Nanosized Ketoprofen-Embedded Mannitol-Coated Microparticles for Pulmonary Inflammations: Development, In Vitro–In Silico Characterization, and Cell Line Evaluation

Abstract

Pulmonary inflammations such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis are widespread and can be fatal, especially when they are characterized by abnormal mucus accumulation. Inhaled corticosteroids are commonly used for lung inflammations despite their considerable side effects. By utilizing particle engineering techniques, a combined dry powder inhaler (DPI) comprising nanosized ketoprofen-embedded mannitol-coated microparticles was developed. A nanoembedded microparticle system means a novel advance in pulmonary delivery by enhancing local pulmonary deposition while avoiding clearance mechanisms. Ketoprofen, a poorly water-soluble anti-inflammatory drug, was dispersed in the stabilizer solution and then homogenized by ultraturrax. Following this, a ketoprofen-containing nanosuspension was produced by wet-media milling. Furthermore, co-spray drying was conducted with L-leucine (dispersity enhancer) and mannitol (coating and mucuactive agent). Particle size, morphology, dissolution, permeation, viscosity, in vitro and in silico deposition, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory effect were investigated. The particle size of the ketoprofen-containing nanosuspension was ~230 nm. SEM images of the spray-dried powder displayed wrinkled, coated, and nearly spherical particles with a final size of ~2 µm (nano-in-micro), which is optimal for pulmonary delivery. The mannitol-containing samples decreased the viscosity of 10% mucin solution. The results of the mass median aerodynamic diameter (2.4–4.5 µm), fine particle fraction (56–71%), permeation (five-fold enhancement), and dissolution (80% release in 5 min) confirmed that the system is ideal for local inhalation. All samples showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect and decreased IL-6 on the LPS-treated U937 cell line with low cytotoxicity. Hence, developing an innovative combined DPI comprising ketoprofen and mannitol by employing a nano-in-micro approach is a potential treatment for lung inflammations.

Innovative Nanodelivery Systems Transform Tuberculosis Treatment with Pyrazinamide-loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles

“…CS-PYR NPs exhibit two weight loss stages at 74-164°C (16.8% mass loss) and 164-560°C (34.7% mass loss). The first stage involves water molecule release and chitosan decomposition via hydrogen bond loss, while the second stage includes the release of H 2 O, NH 3 , CO, CO 2 , and CH 3 COOH from PYR drug decomposition [16]. This aligns with earlier chitosan nanoparticle investigations, associating such weight loss with water desorption.…”

“…While most nanoparticles showed separation, occasional agglomeration occurred, possibly due to surface energy. Nonetheless, these nanoparticles in the specified size range demonstrate favourable characteristics for drug delivery, extending their bloodstream longevity [16].…”

“…CS-PYR nanoparticles displayed weight percentages of C, N, O, P, and Na, with notable sodium attributed to the crosslinking process involving sodium tripolyphosphate. In the EDX heating process, the nitrogen peak around 0.4 keV remains unidentified due to overlap with the consistently observed oxygen peak at 0.5 keV, resulting in its exclusion from the results [16].…”

Fabrication of Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Sodium Alginate Nanobeads Coated with Thiol-Anchored Chitosan Using B-390 Encapsulator Following Optimization by DoE

“…After an additional overnight incubation period of 24 h at 37 °C with 5% CO 2 , cell viability was determined by measuring the optical density (OD) at 570/650 nm using an EZ READ 400 ELISA reader (Biochrom, Cambridge, UK). Cell viability was expressed as a percentage of control cells, calculated as described earlier [ 24 ]. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 8.0.1 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).…”