A novel comparative study for simultaneous determination of Cd (II) and Pb (II) based on ruthenium complex-nanoparticles-nafion modified screen-printed gold electrode

Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review

“…NMs have been primarily applied on the electrodes in combination with other modifiers (including through the formation of composites). [22][23][24][25]27,[30][31][32]34,46,47,50,54,59,67,70,72,75,83,85,86,88,89,[92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102]107,113,115,117,118,[122][123][124][125][126][129][130][131]135,136,[138][139]...…”

“…32,98,101,142,148,154,158 However, the use of CNTs also faces challenges related to their synthesis (i.e., cost and specific route) as well as the need for binders to improve their mechanical stability. 196 Metals (i.e., Ag, Au, Bi, Pd, Pt, Pb, and Sn), [23][24][25]56,57 27,31,67,96,100,103,109,112,118,122,124,130,131,133,[135][136][137]188,197,198 are the most commonly used NPs in the modification of the electrodes. In addition, clinoptilolite (a naturally occurring zeolite containing Si and Al) NPs were ion exchanged in a Fe(II) solution, and the modified CPE obtained was used in the determination of Sn 2+ .…”

“…A combination of two polymers (i.e., conductive polydopamine (PDA) doped PPy hydrogel) as modifiers of an SPCE for the determination of Pb 2+ has also been reported. 232 Biopolymers (mainly chitosan and different forms of cellulose) 35,37,61,69,[71][72][73]87,89,92,123,124,175,186,187,197,[200][201][202][203][204][205] (further discussed in section 7) and Nafion (a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer) 24,62,108,113,149,154,155,179,200,[233][234][235][236][237][238][239][240][241] are by far most frequently used as polymeric components of the nanocomposites. Moreover, other conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI), 23,38,99,102,122,…”

“…Five main types of NMs, i.e. , graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), 22–92 NPs, 23–25,27,31,56,57,59,64,67,70,83,86,87,93–138 single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs), 32,83,89,98,99,101,113,129,133,139–162 nanosheets, 34,85,107,111,139,162–166 and nanofibers, 167–169 have been employed in the modification of the electrodes used in the determination of heavy metals. Nanocubes, nanoflakes, nanospheres, and nanodiamonds 75,170–175 are among the other types of NMs used in the modification of the electrodes.…”

Bismuth Metal–Organic Framework/Carbon Nanosphere Composites for Ultrasensitive Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Lead and Cadmium

“…Several traditional methods have been developed for heavy metal analysis, including inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, , inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, , inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, − and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. , Due to its practical advantages of high sensitivity, quick response, and simple operation, the electrochemical sensor has been effectively validated for heavy metal detection. − Excellent electrochemical properties can be found in modified electrodes with expanded surface area, diverse structures, and extensive functional groups. Among electrochemical methods, combining potentiostatic enrichment and metal redox-based voltammetry, anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) has been the most commonly used method for heavy metal detection …”