“…As a result, more and more researchers have started introducing swarm intelligence algorithm (SIOA) into the traditional MTIS to improve the segmentation efficiency instead of the traditional exhaustive method. These SIOAs has offered greater efficiency in optimization tasks such as expensive optimization problems [ 32 , 33 ], medical diagnosis [ [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] ], PID optimization control [ [38] , [39] , [40] ], plant disease recognition [ 41 ], feature selection [ [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] ], object tracking [ 46 , 47 ], economic emission dispatch problem [ 48 ], engineering design [ [49] , [50] , [51] ], parameter tuning for machine learning models [ [52] , [53] , [54] ], constrained optimization problems [ 55 , 56 ], combination optimization problems [ 57 ], traveling salesman problem [ 58 ], multi-objective or many optimization problems [ [59] , [60] , [61] ], and scheduling problems [ [62] , [63] , [64] ].…”