A novel cylindrical overlap-and-fling mechanism used by sea butterflies

Karakaş, Ferhat; Maas, Amy E.; Murphy, David

doi:10.1242/jeb.221499

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Similar to the coiled shell species, the elongated shell species also exhibit forwardbackwards body pitching with every wing stroke, but the pitching amplitude seems to be less for the elongated shell species. For example, Karakas et al (2020) showed that C. atlantica has a pitching angle of 25 • , which is much less than pitching amplitudes previously measured for the coiled shell species L. helicina (up to 60 • ) and L. helicina antarctica (up to 110 • ; Adhikari et al, 2016;Murphy et al, 2016). The lower pitching amplitude of the elongated shell species makes sense because these shells have greater rotational drag and rotational inertia as compared to coiled shells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Morton (1954) described the swimming behavior of Limacina retroversa qualitatively, and more recently Bergan et al (2017) conducted quantitative measurements of the swimming and sinking kinematics of the same species under the influence of elevated carbon dioxide, which alters shell properties. Karakas et al (2020) showed that the tropical thecosome Cuvierina atlantica uses its highly flexible parapodia in a cylindrical overlapand-fling mechanism twice during each stroke to generate lift. In the heteropods, Karakas et al (2018) discovered that, contrary to previous accounts (Lalli and Gilmer, 1989), the atlantiid heteropod Atlanta selvagensis does not let its shell passively hang beneath it as it swims but instead flaps its shell in coordination with its swimming fin in order to swim.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Swimming and Sinking Behavior of Warm Water Pelagic Snails

et al. 2020

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Swimming and sinking behavior by pelagic snails is poorly studied but is important in their ecology, predator-prey interactions, and vertical distributions. We used a low magnification, high speed stereophotogrammetry system to study the swimming and sinking kinematics of nine warm water pelagic snail species (seven thecosomes, one gymnosome, and one heteropod). As different thecosomatous pteropod species may have coiled, elongated, or globular shell morphologies, we focused on how the shell shape, body geometry, and body size affect their swimming behavior from a fluid mechanics perspective. In addition, ZooScan image analysis and metabarcoding of archived vertically stratified MOCNESS samples were used to relate swimming behaviors to night time and daytime vertical distributions. While different large scale swimming patterns were observed, all species exhibited small scale sawtooth swimming trajectories caused by reciprocal appendage flapping. Thecosome swimming and sinking behavior corresponded strongly with shell morphology and size, with the tiny coiled shell pteropods swimming and sinking the slowest, the large globular shelled pteropods swimming and sinking the fastest, and the medium-sized elongated shell pteropods swimming and sinking at intermediate speeds. However, the coiled shell species had the highest normalized swimming and sinking speeds, reaching swimming speeds of up to 45 body lengths s −1 . The sinking trajectories of the coiled and elongated shell pteropods were nearly vertical, but globular shell pteropods use their hydrofoillike shell to glide downwards at approximately 20 • from the vertical, thus retarding their sinking rate. The swimming Reynolds number (Re) increased from the coiled shell species [Re ∼ O(10)] to the elongated shell species [Re ∼ O(100)] and again for the globular shell species [Re ∼ O(1000)], suggesting that more recent lineages increased in size and altered shell morphology to access greater lift-to-drag ratios available at higher Re. Swimming speed does not correlate with the vertical extent of migration, emphasizing that other factors, likely including light, temperature, and predator and prey fields, influence this ecologically important trait. Size does play a role in structuring the vertical habitat, with larger individuals tending to live deeper in the water column, while within a species, larger individuals have deeper migrations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swimming and Sinking Behavior of Warm Water Pelagic Snails

et al. 2020

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“…We recorded 27 free-swimming sequences from eight individuals ( B. vitrea ). We note that the camera system is also described in [36] and [37].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metachronal coordination enables omnidirectional swimming via spatially distributed propulsion

Herrera-Amaya

Byron

2023

Preprint

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Aquatic organisms often employ maneuverable and agile swimming behavior to escape from predators, find prey, or navigate through complex environments. Many of these organisms use metachronally coordinated appendages to execute complex maneuvers. However, though metachrony is used across body sizes ranging from microns to tens of centimeters, it is understudied compared to the swimming of fish, cetaceans, and other groups. In particular, metachronal coordination and control of multiple appendages for three-dimensional maneuvering is not fully understood. To explore the maneuvering capabilities of metachronal swimming, we combine 3D high-speed videography of freely swimming ctenophores (Bolinopsis vitrea) with reduced-order mathematical modeling. Experimental results show that ctenophores can quickly reorient, and perform tight turns while maintaining forward swimming speeds close to 70% of their observed maximum — performance comparable to or exceeding that of many vertebrates with more complex locomotor systems. We use a reduced-order model to investigate turning performance across a range of beat frequencies and appendage control strategies, and reveal that ctenophores are capable of near-omnidirectional turning. Based on both recorded and modeled swimming trajectories, we conclude that the ctenophore body plan enables a high degree of maneuverability and agility, and may be a useful starting point for future bioinspired aquatic vehicles.

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“…Images were captured at 600 frames per second. This set-up is described in detail by Karakas, Maas & Murphy (2020), whose data are contemporary.…”

Section: Morphological Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new propulsion enhancement mechanism in metachronal rowing at intermediate Reynolds numbers

Lionetti,

Lou,

Herrera-Amaya

et al. 2023

J. Fluid Mech.

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Metachronal rowing is a biological propulsion mechanism employed by many swimming invertebrates (e.g. copepods, ctenophores, krill and shrimp). Animals that swim using this mechanism feature rows of appendages that oscillate in a coordinated wave. In this study, we used observations of a swimming ctenophore (comb jelly) to examine the hydrodynamic performance and vortex dynamics associated with metachronal rowing. We first reconstructed the beating kinematics of ctenophore appendages based on a high-speed video of a metachronally coordinated row. Following the reconstruction, two numerical models were developed and simulated using an in-house immersed-boundary-method-based computational fluid dynamics solver. The two models included the original geometry (16 appendages in a row) and a sparse geometry (8 appendages, formed by removing every other appendage along the row). We found that appendage tip vortex interactions contribute to hydrodynamic performance via a vortex-weakening mechanism. Through this mechanism, appendage tip vortices are significantly weakened during the drag-producing recovery stroke. As a result, the swimming ctenophore produces less overall drag, and its thrust-to-power ratio is significantly improved (up to 55.0 % compared with the sparse model). Our parametric study indicated that such a propulsion enhancement mechanism is less effective at higher Reynolds numbers. Simulations were also used to investigate the effects of substrate curvature on the unsteady hydrodynamics. Our results illustrated that, compared with a flat substrate, arranging appendages on a curved substrate can boost the overall thrust generation by up to 29.5 %. These findings provide new insights into the fluid dynamic principles of propulsion enhancement underlying metachronal rowing.

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A novel cylindrical overlap-and-fling mechanism used by sea butterflies

Cited by 9 publications

References 54 publications

Swimming and Sinking Behavior of Warm Water Pelagic Snails

Swimming and Sinking Behavior of Warm Water Pelagic Snails

Metachronal coordination enables omnidirectional swimming via spatially distributed propulsion

A new propulsion enhancement mechanism in metachronal rowing at intermediate Reynolds numbers

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