“…Unused hydro-energy in irrigation channels, industrial drains, and water supply facilities is actively utilized to achieve carbon-neutral targets and the Sustainable Development Goals [4] , [5] , [6] . Small hydraulic turbines (hereinafter called “microhydraulic turbines”), such as cross-flow [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , propeller [1] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , Savonius [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , Darrieus [32] , [33] , [34] , and impulse types [35] , [36] , [37] , have been developed for power generation, depending on the flow conditions. Regarding cross-flow turbines with high efficiency potential, the effects of the nozzle geometry [7] , water-fall thickness [8] , and turbine position relative to the water-fall [9] on the turbine performance have been explored.…”