A novel efficient power‐saving MAC protocol for multi‐hop MANETs

Abstract

SUMMARY Following recent advances in the performance of ad hoc networks, the limited life of batteries in mobile devices poses a bottleneck in their development. Consequently, how to minimize power consumption in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of ad hoc networks is an essential issue. The power‐saving mode (PSM) of IEEE 802.11 involves the Timing Synchronization Function to reduce power consumption for single‐hop mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). However, the IEEE 802.11 PSM is known to result in unnecessary energy consumption as well as the problems of overheating and back‐off time delay. Hence, this study presents an efficient power‐saving MAC protocol, called p‐MANET, based on a Multi‐hop Time Synchronization Protocol, which involves a hibernation mechanism, a beacon inhibition mechanism, and a low‐latency next‐hop selection mechanism for general‐purpose multi‐hop MANETs. The main purposes of the p‐MANET protocol are to reduce significantly the power consumption and the transmission latency. In the hibernation mechanism, each p‐MANET node needs only to wake up during one out of every N beacon interval, where N is the number of beacon intervals in a cycle. Thus, efficient power consumption is achieved. Furthermore, a beacon inhibition mechanism is proposed to prevent the beacon storm problem that is caused by synchronization and neighbor discovery messages. Finally, the low‐latency next‐hop selection mechanism is designed to yield low transmission latency. Each p‐MANET node is aware of the active beacon intervals of its neighbors by using a hash function, such that it can easily forward packets to a neighbor in active mode or with the least remaining time to wake up. As a consequence, upper‐layer routing protocols can cooperate with p‐MANET to select the next‐hop neighbor with the best forwarding delay. To verify the proposed design and demonstrate the favorable performance of the proposed p‐MANET, we present the theoretical analysis related to p‐MANET and also perform experimental simulations. The numerical results show that p‐MANET reduces power consumption and routing latency and performs well in extending lifetime with a small neighbor discovery time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Efficient Path Selection Routing based on Traffic-Size for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

“…The proposed protocol adds this feature and provides secure reliable transmission. The time (t 1 ) taken by packets to reach from source to destination securely is obtained as, 1 src des del seq t t t t t     (6) Similarly, the time (t 2 ) taken by packets to reach from source to destination after attack is obtained as, 2 src des del t t t t   …”

“…These crowded nodes decline the protocols' potential by reducing Packet Delivery Ratio, increasing End to End delay and Energy Consumption. Increasing traffic in a certain node depletes the battery power at a faster rate which is a serious problem in MANETs [6]. This paper explains the proposed routing protocol called Efficient Path Selection (EPS) which considers the traffic-size of a node and its neighboring nodes for path selection.…”

Enhanced IEEE 802.11 Power Saving for Multi-hop Toy-to-Toy Communication

“…For example, [4] introduces an ad-hoc clustering scheme where master nodes form a backbone that relays the multi-hop traffic between PSMenabled slave nodes and proposes a distributed algorithm for dynamical and fair selection of master nodes in an IBSS. In [20], stations increase their energy saving by waking-up at multiples of the beacon period and utilize an adaptive next-hop selection framework in order to decrease the multi-hop packet delays caused by the longer wake-up duty cycles. Latency optimization for non-PSM stations was addressed in [21], where waves of RTS/CTS frames are proposed to reserve radio resources along the route for latency-optimized multihop communication.…”

A Preference-Based Protocol for Trust and Head Selection for Cluster-Based MANET

“…Mobile ad hoc networks are the collection of mobile nodes that self-configures to form a network without any pre-established infrastructure and centralized administration [1][2][3]. The efficiency of routing protocols in MANET becomes more important and challenging because of its constraints in resources [4].…”