A novel electro-chlorinator using low cost graphite electrode for drinking water disinfection

Saha, Jyoti Prasad; Gupta, Sunil Kumar

doi:10.1007/s11581-017-2022-0

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Graphite, which is inexpensive and available in large quantity, could offer a cost-conscious alternative for irrigation water disinfection at large scale. It was reported that active chlorine up to 0.75 mg/L can be generated at graphite anodes from an available chloride concentration of 8.5 mg/L in tap water (Saha & Gupta, 2017). The graphite anode corroded at a rate of 0.005 mm/hr, and thus, it was considered as a consumable during operation (Saha & Gupta, 2017).…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Long-term tests lasting for months were not performed in this work. Therefore, we make a comparison between the lifetime of graphite and RuO 2 -IrO 2 /Ti anodes using the data from the works of Saha and Gupta (2017) and Kraft (2008). Saha and Gupta (2017) reported a corrosion rate of 0.005 mm/hr for graphite anodes after testing for three months at a current density of 1.5 mA/cm 2 in tap water containing 8.5 mg/L of chloride.…”

Section: Estimation Of the Lifetime Of The Graphite Anode And Power/ementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, we make a comparison between the lifetime of graphite and RuO 2 -IrO 2 /Ti anodes using the data from the works of Saha and Gupta (2017) and Kraft (2008). Saha and Gupta (2017) reported a corrosion rate of 0.005 mm/hr for graphite anodes after testing for three months at a current density of 1.5 mA/cm 2 in tap water containing 8.5 mg/L of chloride. Kraft (2008) reported a lifetime of nearly one year for the RuO 2 -IrO 2 /Ti anode in Berlin tap water at a current density of 20 mA/cm 2 .…”

Section: Estimation Of the Lifetime Of The Graphite Anode And Power/ementioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical disinfection of irrigation water with a graphite electrode flow cell

Qing

Anari

Foster

et al. 2020

Water Environment Research

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In this work, we report experimental studies on the disinfection of irrigation water using a flow cell assembled with low-cost graphite plates as both anode and cathode. Natural irrigation waters collected from two irrigation locations (Reservoir 225 and Bott Well Pond) in Hawaii were used, and synthetic irrigation waters were prepared based on the chemical analysis of natural irrigation waters. The concentration of chloride was 10.2 mg/L in the synthetic Reservoir 225 water and 6.9 mg/L in the synthetic Bott Well pond water. Escherichia coli K12 ER2738 was selected as a model bacterium to evaluate the disinfection capability of the flow cell. Experiments performed in the synthetic irrigation waters showed that E. coli was inactivated by free chlorine species electro-generated from oxidation of chloride ions at the graphite anode. Complete removal of E. coli was achieved within 10 min in the synthetic irrigation waters. The disinfection of the natural irrigation waters took about four times longer than the disinfection of the synthetic irrigation waters. This result is most likely due to the presence of organic matter (and possibly other oxidizable species) in the natural irrigation waters. © 2020 Water Environment Federation • Practitioner points • Electrochemical flow cell disinfects to 99.9% with commercial graphite electrodes. • E. coli is removed in 10 min from synthetic irrigation water by a flow cell. • E. coli removal takes 4× longer in natural irrigation water. • A minimum current density of ≥1 mA/cm 2 is required for disinfection. • The primary disinfection mechanism is through chlorine generated from chloride ions.

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Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimation Of the Lifetime Of The Graphite Anode And Power/ementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimation Of the Lifetime Of The Graphite Anode And Power/ementioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical disinfection of irrigation water with a graphite electrode flow cell

Qing

Anari

Foster

et al. 2020

Water Environment Research

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“…Typically, in terms of drinking water desinfection, electrochlorination is the most established method. Saha et al used low‐cost graphite electrodes in their study . Their batch reactor in bench scale consists of six units of graphite anodes and stainless steel cathodes and comprises an electrolyte volume of 3 L. Among the several investigated parameters, an active chlorine concentration of 2.5 mg L −1 and a current density of 1.5 mA cm −2 were found to be optimal.…”

Section: Removal Of Microorganisms By Electrochemical Disinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current to Clean Water – Electrochemical Solutions for Groundwater, Water, and Wastewater Treatment

Simon

Stöckl

Becker

et al. 2018

Chemie Ingenieur Technik

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Electrochemical technologies for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters, potable water, and groundwater, are presented, focusing on the main water constituents: inorganics, organics, micropollutants, and microorganisms. Removal of inorganic compounds by electrodialysis, electrocoagulation, and capacitive deionization as well as removal of organics and micropollutants by electrosorption, advanced oxidation processes, and anodic oxidation with boron‐doped diamond electrodes are reviewed. Electricity can be generated by degradation of organic compounds in microbial fuel cells and dehalogenation by cathodic reduction minimizes toxic substances in water. The disinfection of different types of water is also presented and it is shown that electrochemical methods offer versatile approaches to contribute to an sustainable future water management.

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“…However, high inter-electrode spacing seemed to negatively impact the efficiency of an electrochlorination system, and an optimum spacing of 0.5 cm was suggested by Khelifa et al [20]. Validation of the process of electrochlorination as one of the emerging and efficient methods of disinfecting drinking water was previously shown by many researchers [21,[23][24][25]. In fact, a few researchers also demonstrated that electrochemical remediation of bacterial population is highly effective even for the treatment of wastewater [26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a cost-effective electrochlorination system for point-of-use water treatment

Bhattacharya

Bandyopadhyay

Gupta

2020

Environmental Engineering Research

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Bacteriological contamination in drinking water is known to be responsible for the spread of various waterborne diseases. Although chlorine is frequently used as disinfectant in water treatment, low-cost disinfecting technologies in the villages of developing and underdeveloped countries are not yet successfully implemented. This study contributed in designing a simple and inexpensive water disinfection unit to produce chlorine from the naturally available dissolved chloride of groundwater by electrochlorination, using inert and cheap graphite electrodes. Laboratory-based experiments were performed in both batch and continuous flow reactors to study the effect of time, current, electro charge loading (ECL), and surface area of electrodes in chlorine generation and bacterial inactivation. Controlled experiments in continuous mode in the absence of chlorine further indicated the possibility of partial inactivation of bacteria under the influence of the electric field. Finally, a treatment unit with drilled anodes, and undrilled cathode electrodes, in continuous flow setup was installed in four schools of four different villages in West Bengal, India. An average residual chlorine concentration and removal efficiency of total coliform in the designed systems were determined as 0.3 ± 0.07 mg/L, and 98.4% ± 1.6%, respectively.

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A novel electro-chlorinator using low cost graphite electrode for drinking water disinfection

Cited by 32 publications

References 39 publications

Electrochemical disinfection of irrigation water with a graphite electrode flow cell

Electrochemical disinfection of irrigation water with a graphite electrode flow cell

Current to Clean Water – Electrochemical Solutions for Groundwater, Water, and Wastewater Treatment

Design of a cost-effective electrochlorination system for point-of-use water treatment

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