A Novel Electrochemical Sensor Based on an Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Magnetic Chitosan Nanocomposite Carbon Paste Electrode for the Determination of Diclofenac to Control Inflammation

Abstract

A simple and eco-friendly electrochemical sensor for the anti-inflammatory diclofenac (DIC) was developed in a chitosan nanocomposite carbon paste electrode (M-Chs NC/CPE). The M-Chs NC/CPE was characterized with FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM for the size, surface area, and morphology. The produced electrode showed a high electrocatalytic activity to use the DIC in 0.1 M of the BR buffer (pH 3.0). The effect of scanning speed and pH on the DIC oxidation peak suggests that the DIC electrode process has a typical diffusion characteristic with two electrons and two protons. Furthermore, the peak current linearly proportional to the DIC concentration ranged from 0.025 M to 4.0 M with the correlation coefficient (r2). The sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD; 3σ), and the limit of quantification (LOQ; 10σ) were 0.993, 9.6 µA/µM cm2, 0.007 µM, and 0.024 µM, respectively. In the end, the proposed sensor enables the reliable and sensitive detection of DIC in biological and pharmaceutical samples.

Voltametric Sensor Based on Magnetic Chitosan Acetylindole-Based Nanocomposite for the Determination of Sulfamethazine

“…On the other hand, the introduction of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles as fillers into the structure of chitosan improves the electric conductivity as well as its mechanical properties. These nanoparticles display high surface reaction activity, large surface-to-volume ratio, high catalytic efficiency, and strong adsorption capability that can be helpful to attain enhanced stability and sensitivity of a sensor. − …”

Chitosan-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Pharmaceuticals and Clinical Applications

“…Furthermore, these sensors are valuable in the detection of neoplastic markers for early disease diagnosis [42][43][44], such as aptasensors for detecting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 proteins, a critical prognostic biomarker for breast cancer [43], or the nanosensor for detecting sarcosine, a biomarker for prostate cancer, using composite films of carbon nanotubes and CTS [44]. Moreover, the literature reports electrochemical sensors based on CTS for the detection of a wide range of pharmaceutical substances with various indications, such as paracetamol [45], diclofenac [46], clindamycin [47], metformin [48], propranolol [49], and fluoxetine [50], as well as a series of metabolites present in biological fluids, such as cholesterol [51], uric acid [52], xanthine, hypoxanthine, p53 protein, and purines, considered potential biomarkers [6]. CTS-based sensors have also been utilized for the detection of narcotics and their metabolites, such as cocaine [53], morphine [54], and methamphetamine [55].…”