A novel high efficiency method for the synthesis of graphite encapsulated metal (GEM) nanoparticles

Temperature and Copper Concentration Effects on the Formation of Graphene-Encapsulated Copper Nanoparticles from Kraft Lignin

“…The particle size’s downward trend was similar to the observation from the study of mixing poly (vinyl alcohol) with iron citrate, with an iron-to-carbon weight ratio increasing up to 7:9 [23], and from another study wherein ferrocene and aromatic heavy oil was mixed with a ferrocene-to-oil weight ratio increasing up to 7:20 [26]. However, the extent of size decline was lower than the one with copper because iron has a carbon solubility much higher than copper, which can prevent carbon from effectively acting as a barrier to prevent the agglomeration of iron nanoparticles [27]. Hypothetically, larger amounts of copper atoms provide more nucleation sites, catalytically facilitating more graphene growth islands and the subsequent formation of smaller size particles.…”

Controllable synthesis of carbon coated iron-based composite nanoparticles

“…In particular, at present, a hot topic is magnetic carbon coated metal (such as Fe, Co, Ni, Mn) composites that are always metal phase as the nucleus of core-shell structural composite nanomaterials. Up to now, many methods have been developed for the synthesis of this kind of composite, for instance arc discharge [9], pyrolysis [10], chemical vapor deposition [11], chemical vapor condensation [12], laser ablation [13], magnetron and ion-beam co-sputtering [14], thermal radio frequency (RF) plasma torch [15], catalytic [16], hydrothermal [17], mechanical [18], detonation-induced or detonation [19], combustion or flame synthesis [20,21]. Most studies have suggested that the existence and tendency to form a metal or carbide of the inserted nucleus material appears essential in determining the feasibility of encapsulation.…”