A novel highly pathogenic <scp>H</scp>5<scp>N</scp>8 avian influenza virus isolated from a wild duck in <scp>C</scp>hina

Fan, Shengtao; Zhou, Linan; Wu, Di; Gao, Xiaolong; Pei, Enle; Wang, Tianhou; Gao, Yuwei; Xia, Xianzhu

doi:10.1111/irv.12289

Cited by 69 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…(27,28). Since 2010, its inner-clade 2.3.4.4 H5 reassortants, which include H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8 viruses, are frequently found in waterfowl and terrestrial poultry in China and other Asian countries (8,29,30). By 2014, H5N2 and H5N8 viruses had spread by migratory birds to poultry in multiple continents (10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N6 Viruses Exhibit Enhanced Affinity for Human Type Sialic Acid Receptor and In-Contact Transmission in Model Ferrets

Sun

Wei

et al. 2016

J Virol

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Since May 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 virus has been reported to cause six severe human infections three of which were fatal. The biological properties of this subtype, in particular its relative pathogenicity and transmissibility in mammals, are not known. We characterized the virus receptor-binding affinity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility in mice and ferrets of four H5N6 isolates derived from waterfowl in China from 2013-2014. All four H5N6 viruses have acquired a binding affinity for human-like SA␣2,6Gal-linked receptor to be able to attach to human tracheal epithelial and alveolar cells. The emergent H5N6 viruses, which share high sequence similarity with the human isolate A/Guangzhou/39715/2014 (H5N6), were fully infective and highly transmissible by direct contact in ferrets but showed less-severe pathogenicity than the parental H5N1 virus. The present results highlight the threat of emergent H5N6 viruses to poultry and human health and the need to closely track their continual adaptation in humans. O n 7 May 2014, the Chinese National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC) announced the first human case of avian H5N6 influenza virus infection (1). Subsequently, three more human infections with H5N6 virus cases were reported in the winter of 2014-2015 (2, 3). Between 30 December 2015 and 2 January 2016, the NHFPC notified the World Health Organization of two additional human cases of avian H5N6 virus infection. All six human infections were presented as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of which three were fatal. Five cases had a common history of contact with or exposure to poultry or livebird markets before disease onset (1-3), suggesting zoonotic transmission. Sequence analyses of the human H5N6 isolates indicated that the virus was derived from clade 2.3.4.4 avian H5N6 viruses that are circulating in poultry in China (1, 2, 4). Avian H5N6 influenza virus was first isolated from mallards in North America in 1975 (5). In China, H5N6 virus first emerged in 2010 and has since been extensively circulating in both domestic and wild birds (6-9). Recent surveillance data from the Ministry of Agriculture of China indicate that H5N6 viruses have become enzootic in domestic poultry. Unlike the worldwide distribution H5N2 and H5N8 viruses (10-12), prevailing H5N6 viruses appear to be largely confined to China and Laos (13). We recently characterized the novel H5N6 viruses in poultry (14); however, their zoonotic capability and characteristics are poorly understood. In the present study, we examined the emergent H5N6 virus for its genetic characteristics, receptor binding properties, pathogenicity, and transmissibility in mice and ferrets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethical

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N6 Viruses Exhibit Enhanced Affinity for Human Type Sialic Acid Receptor and In-Contact Transmission in Model Ferrets

Sun

Wei

et al. 2016

J Virol

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“…An additional problem for vaccine development in the interpandemic period is an unknown influenza strain to target. Since 1996, H5N1 has diversified into numerous phylogenetic groups with drifted H5 antigens, while recent outbreaks have occurred from H7N9 and H5N8 subtypes [15][16][17]. Zoonotic vaccines derived from current or historic avian influenza strains may not offer protection from a future pandemic strain.…”

Section: Avian Influenza Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

The avian influenza vaccine Emerflu. Why did it fail?

Young

Sadarangani

Leo

2015

Expert Review of Vaccines

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Emerflu is an inactivated, split-virion pandemic preparedness vaccine, containing 30 μg of hemagglutinin (HA) and 600 μg of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. It is administered in two doses, 3 weeks apart. Only moderate immunogenicity was evident from clinical studies with the vaccine in adults, and HA antibody responses were below the criteria established by the EMA and US FDA for licensure. With the exception of Australia, the vaccine remains unlicensed. Further clinical development appears to have been suspended, and newer adjuvants such as MF59 and AS03 have since demonstrated safety and superior immunogenicity with lower HA doses. Emerflu is symbolic of the failure of aluminum salts as an adjuvant for influenza vaccines. Reasons for this failure are unclear, and may reflect problems with the adjuvant-antigen complex or interference in the immune response by heterosubtypic immunity.

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“…In January 2014, novel reassortant HPAI viruses of subtype H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4, were detected in poultry and wild bird carcasses in South Korea ( 2 ). Closely related viruses were also detected in Japan ( 3 ) and China ( 4 ). Genetic analysis showed that this virus was generated by reassortment of HPAI viruses of eastern China.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses Reintroduced into South Korea by Migratory Waterfowl, 2014–2015

Kwon¹,

Lee²,

Swayne³

et al. 2016

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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A novel highly pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza virus isolated from a wild duck in China

Cited by 69 publications

References 17 publications

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N6 Viruses Exhibit Enhanced Affinity for Human Type Sialic Acid Receptor and In-Contact Transmission in Model Ferrets

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N6 Viruses Exhibit Enhanced Affinity for Human Type Sialic Acid Receptor and In-Contact Transmission in Model Ferrets

The avian influenza vaccine Emerflu. Why did it fail?

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses Reintroduced into South Korea by Migratory Waterfowl, 2014–2015

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