Patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have a poor prognosis with the currently available therapy, and tumor recurrence is frequently observed. The discovery of specific membraneassociated cancer stem cell (CSC) markers is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to target these CSCs. To address this issue, we established sphere cultures to enrich CSCs and used them for plasma membrane proteomics to identify specific membrane signatures of the HNSCC spheres. Of a dataset that included a total of 376 identified proteins, 200 were bona fide membrane proteins. Among them, 123 proteins were at least 1.5-fold up-or down-regulated in the spheres relative to the adherent cultures. These proteins included cell adhesion molecules, receptors, and transporter proteins. Some of them play key roles in wnt, integrin, and TGF signaling pathways. When we compared our dataset with two published hESC membrane protein signatures, we found 18 proteins common to all three of the databases. CD166 and CD44 were two such proteins. Interestingly, the expression of CD166, rather than that of the wellestablished HNSCC CSC marker CD44, was significantly related to the malignant behavior of HNSCC. Relative to
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)1 is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Despite ongoing improvement in traditional treatments, the long-term survival rate of patients with HNSCC has not significantly improved over the past several decades. More than 60% of patients with advanced tumors or localized lymph node metastases die within five years of their diagnosis (1). Tumor recurrence and resistance to therapy are the major causes of death. Recently, newly recognized cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells have been associated in a cause-andeffect manner with tumor recurrence and resistance to therapy. The concept of CSCs was established because of the heterogeneous nature of cancer and suggests that CSCs are a subpopulation of cancer cells with stem-cell-like traits and the source of all cells in the cancer. Conventional cancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy may destroy only those cells that form the bulk of the tumor, leaving the CSCs intact and able to give rise to tumor recurrence. Based on this theory, researchers are searching for therapies that would destroy CSCs in the hope of finally curing cancer (2). In order to develop strategies that target CSCs, experimental assays are required to determine how to distinguish CSCs from their progeny. Different methods have been used to isolate CSCs from a range of hematopoietic and solid tumors, and some CSC-specific cell surface markers have been found. These markers are primarily selected from the From the ‡Shanghai Key