“…After that, the applications of HC have begun to attract attention in a wide variety of areas, especially in the last few years (Figure 1). Nowadays, researchers have found that HC can be an effective tool for a number of chemical, biological, and other types of applications, e.g., microbial inactivation [bacteria (Mane et al, 2020), algae (Waghmare et al, 2019), virus (Kosel et al, 2017)], the removal of organic compounds (acids Choi et al, 2019, antibiotics (Tao et al, 2018, pesticides (Panda and Manickam, 2019), dyes Yi et al, 2018, pharmaceuticals (Rajoriya et al, 2019, fuel (Torabi Angaji and Ghiaee, 2015), phenols Chakinala et al, 2008, etc.,) decomposition of wasteactivated sludge (WAS) (Nabi et al, 2019), depolymerization (Prajapat and Gogate, 2019), denitrification (Song et al, 2019), desulfurization (Gagol et al, 2019), fibrillation (Kosel et al, 2019), intensification of biogas production (Zielinski et al, 2019), biofuel synthesis (Chipurici et al, 2019), liposome destruction (Pandur et al, 2020), catalyst slurry preparation (Nagalingam et al, 2019), viscosity reduction (Gregersen et al, 2019), residual stress relief, cleaning, and emulsification (Wu et al, 2019).…”