A Novel Hybrid Nano‐composite Grafted Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Based Sensor for Sensitive Determination of Efavirenz

Abstract

A novel, facile fabrication, based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO), grafted with Pt nanoparticles and Nafion hybrid nano‐composite (ErGO‐Pt/Nafion) on the surface of edge plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG) has been reported. The fabricated sensor has been used for the sensitive and selective determination of efavirenz (EFZ), a well‐known drug for HIV infections. The ErGO‐Pt/Nafion film was characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE‐SEM), Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDS) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The experimental results reveal that the modified sensor displays an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of EFZ and exhibits a large linear dynamic relationship in the range of 0.05 μM to 150 μM, with a detection limit of 1.8 nM. Practical utility of the developed sensor has been demonstrated by determining the EFZ in biological fluids and pharmaceutical samples and a low detection limit with high sensitivity observed makes it valuable for the clinical diagnosis.

Review—Nanostructured Electrochemical Sensors for Determination of the First Generation of the NNRTIs for HIV-1

“…Pt/CoPc-cou-f-MWCNTs/Naf-5.-The paper published recently by Kantize and co-workers 52 reported a Pt-modified electrode (CoPc-cou-f-MWCNTs/Naf-5/Pt) fabricated by sequential drop casting. Under optimized conditions, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) method was used for the voltammetric determination of the NVP with a linear range of 0.6 nM to 30 μM and an estimated detection limit of 0.2 nM.…”

Copper-Modified Carbon Nano-Onions as Electrode Modifiers for the Electroanalysis of the Antiretroviral Drug Efavirenz

“…As an alternative, electroanalytical methods may provide the required sensitivity and selectivity for the determination of EFV in complex sample matrices while reducing costs and analysis time. The electrochemical determination of EFV has been rarely reported, and analysis was performed only in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples using voltammetric methods [23][24][25][26][27][28]. Initial studies on EFV electroanalysis were reported on a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified with DNA with adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry (AdsDPV).…”

“…Therefore, the detection of EFV using electrode modifiers with high surface-to-volume, catalytic effects, excellent stability, and low toxicity to the environment are much needed. Consequently, nanomaterials such as titanium nanoparticles (TiO 2 ) [27], nickel oxide-zirconium oxide nanocomposite (NiO-ZrO 2 ) [26], and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide grafted platinum nanoparticles (ErGO-Pt NPs) [25] have been used as electrode modifiers to increase the sensitivity and stability of EFV sensors. Using NiO-ZrO 2 nanocomposite, Thapliyal et al [26] obtained a LOD of 1.4 nM with a linear range of 0.01-10 µM.…”

“…In addition, the linear range (0.01 -10 µM) was below the reported concentration of EFV in both plasma (C max = 13 µM) [3,4] and pharmaceutical tablets. Another voltammetric sensor for EFV was developed by Raj et al [25] using an edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (EPGE) modified with ErGO-Pt NPs and Nafion®. The ErGO-Pt NPs improved the electrocatalytic performance of the sensor, while Nafion® improved its stability > 5 days.…”

Insights into the Design of An Enzyme Free Sustainable Sensing Platform for Efavirenz

“…In contrast, electrochemical methods have attracted considerable interest in the field of drug analysis due to their simplicity, low cost, rapid reaction times, and high sensitivity without the necessity of extensive extraction or pre-treatment steps. However, very few reports are available on the electroanalytical methods for the analysis of the EFV [3,[16][17][18]. The use of the nanostructured materials to modify the electrodes' surfaces results in significant signal amplification, enhancing the sensitivity, stability, and selectivity of the synthesized sensors/biosensors.…”