A Novel Hydrothermal CdS with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity and Photostability for Visible Light Hydrogenation of Azo Bond: Synthesis and Characterization

Milani, Martina; Mazzanti, Michele; Magnacca, Giuliana; Caramori, Stefano; Molinari, Alessandra

doi:10.3390/nano13030413

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Scherrer's equation was used to estimate the crystallite sizes (D) of the catalysts tabulated in Table S1. 30 Raman Analysis. Raman spectroscopy is an important analytical technique that is used to study the chemical structure of catalysts.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sunlight-Driven Hydrogen Generation: Acceleration of Synergism between Cu–Ag Cocatalysts on a CdS System

Hussain,

Ishaq,

Abid

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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The high cost and limited sources of fossil fuels led researchers to discover alternative sources of energy. The aim of this work is to explore stable and efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution under sunlight. From this perspective, various catalysts including CdS, Ag@CdS, Cu@CdS, and Cu/Ag@CdS have been designed and synthesized via the hydrothermal method. To enhance the surface stability and activity of CdS, copper and silver metals were selected as cocatalysts. Cocatalyst contents were in situ deposited over the surfaces of CdS using a chemical reduction approach. The optical and structural properties of the catalysts were investigated via UV−vis/diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Raman, photoluminescence (PL), Xray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. Their chemical compositions and surface characteristics were confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies. Thermal stability was assured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), whereas magnetic properties were determined by electron paramagnetic analysis (EPR). Photoreactions were done in a quartz photoreactor (150 mL/Velp Scienific) and hydrogen generation activities were monitored using gas chromatographs, i.e., GC-TCD (Shimadzu-2010/Japan). The results depict that catalysts with 2% Cu and 1% Ag on CdS exhibit the highest activity (i.e., 18.93 mmol g −1 h −1 with 45.04% quantum efficiencies). The higher activities were attributed to the synergism generated between the Cu and Ag cocatalysts during the photoreaction. It has been predicted that cocatalysts enhance the electron populations on CdS surfaces by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Cu/Ag cocatalysts. Schottky junctions formed by Ag cocatalysts on CdS restrict the charge recombination (i.e., back reactions). Additionally, various factors like pH, temperature, photocatalyst dosage, and intensity of light have been evaluated and discussed to optimize the ideal conditions. The results of this study hold promise for an eventual transition to replace the costly and conventional catalysts used for sustainable hydrogen generation.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results ensure that no phase transformation occurred even in case of 3% (Cu/Ag) metal contents on CdS support (see the outcomes in Figure a). Scherrer’s equation was used to estimate the crystallite sizes ( D ) of the catalysts tabulated in Table S1 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sunlight-Driven Hydrogen Generation: Acceleration of Synergism between Cu–Ag Cocatalysts on a CdS System

Hussain,

Ishaq,

Abid

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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“…Hydrothermal synthesis was carried out following a procedure previously reported, albeit with some modifications [32]. Briefly, CdCl 2 (5 mmol) and thiourea (10 mmol) were dissolved in water (40 mL) under magnetic stirring.…”

Section: Preparation Of Photocatalysts and Photoelectrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commercial CdS was deposited on FTO (FTO/CdS (commercial)) following the procedure already published in Ref. [32].…”

Section: Preparation Of Photocatalysts and Photoelectrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hydrothermal CdS shows good stability and recyclability. Interestingly, its capability in the reductive hydrodehalogenation of dalapon is compared to that of a previously synthesized hydrothermal CdS [32]: results evidence that preparation procedure and employed precursors have an important effect in determining electronic structure and photocatalytic properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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CdS-Based Hydrothermal Photocatalysts for Complete Reductive Dehalogenation of a Chlorinated Propionic Acid in Water by Visible Light

Milani,

Mazzanti,

Stevanin

et al. 2024

Nanomaterials

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Cadmium sulfide (CdS)-based photocatalysts are prepared following a hydrothermal procedure (with CdCl2 and thiourea as precursors). The HydroThermal material annealed (CdS-HTa) is crystalline with a band gap of 2.31 eV. Photoelectrochemical investigation indicates a very reducing photo-potential of −0.9 V, which is very similar to that of commercial CdS. CdS-HTa, albeit having similar reducing properties, is more active than commercial CdS in the reductive dehalogenation of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) to propionic acid. Spectroscopic, electro-, and photoelectrochemical investigation show that photocatalytic properties of CdS are correlated to its electronic structure. The reductive dehalogenation of dalapon has a double significance: on one hand, it represents a demanding reductive process for a photocatalyst, and on the other hand, it has a peculiar interest in water treatment because dalapon can be considered a representative molecule of persistent organic pollutants and is one of the most important disinfection by products, whose removal from the water is the final obstacle to its complete reuse. HPLC-MS investigation points out that complete disappearance of dalapon passes through 2-monochloropropionic acid and leads to propionic acid as the final product. CdS-HTa requires very mild working conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure, natural pH), and it is stable and recyclable without significant loss of activity.

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From Single Atom Photocatalysts to Synergistic Photocatalysts: Design Principles and Applications

Luo,

Wang,

Gao

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Photocatalysis represents a solar‐to‐chemical energy transformation process including three processes, light absorption, charge separation/transfer, and surface reactions. Owing to the merits of single‐atom catalysts (SACs) toward maximal atom utilization, unsaturated coordination structure, and tunable electronic configuration, single‐atom photocatalysts (SAPs) exhibit extraordinary photocatalytic performance toward a series of sustainable reactions. Accompanied by the complexity of photocatalytic processes and the realistic demand for tandem reactions as well as the promotion of intricate reactions with multiple reaction routes and intermediates, significant efforts are desired to gain in‐depth insights into the design and fabrication of synergistic photocatalysts. In this review, the first part discusses the design principles from traditional semiconductor‐based photocatalysts to SAPs. Moreover, six basic models of synergistic photocatalysts including remote dual atoms, bridged dual atoms, adjacent dual atoms, single atoms + clusters/nanoparticles (NPs), single atoms + defects, NPs + NPs, are highlighted and distinguished by their structure features. Second, specific examples of SAPs and synergistic photocatalysts are appreciated under the category of CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), and pollutants degradation. Finally, this review will conclude by discussing the challenges and future perspectives of SAPs and synergistic photocatalysts for sustainable applications.

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A Novel Hydrothermal CdS with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity and Photostability for Visible Light Hydrogenation of Azo Bond: Synthesis and Characterization

Cited by 7 publications

References 40 publications

Sunlight-Driven Hydrogen Generation: Acceleration of Synergism between Cu–Ag Cocatalysts on a CdS System

Sunlight-Driven Hydrogen Generation: Acceleration of Synergism between Cu–Ag Cocatalysts on a CdS System

CdS-Based Hydrothermal Photocatalysts for Complete Reductive Dehalogenation of a Chlorinated Propionic Acid in Water by Visible Light

From Single Atom Photocatalysts to Synergistic Photocatalysts: Design Principles and Applications

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