A Novel In Vivo Active Pemphigus Model Targeting Desmoglein1 and Desmoglein3: A Tool Representing All Pemphigus Variants

Abstract

Background: Pemphigus is a life-threatening blistering autoimmune disease. Several forms, characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against different autoantigens, have been described. In Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV), autoantibodies target the cadherin Desmoglein 3 (DSG3), while in Pemphigus foliaceous (PF) autoantibodies target the cadherin Desmoglein 1 (DSG1). Another variant, mucocutaneous Pemphigus, is characterized by the presence of IgG against both DSG1 and DSG3. Moreover, other forms of Pemphigus characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against other autoantigens have been described. With regard to animal models, one can distinguish between passive models, where pathological IgG are transferred into neonatal mice, and active models, where B cells deriving from animals immunized against a specific autoantigen are transferred into immunodeficient mice that develop the disease. Active models recreate PV and a form of Pemphigus characterized by the presence of IgG against the cadherin Desmocollin 3 (DSC3). Further approaches allow to collect sera or B/T cells from mice immunized against a specific antigen to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the onset of the disease. Objective: To develop and characterize a new active model of Pemphigus where mice express auto antibodies against either DSG1 alone, or DSG1 and DSG3, thereby recapitulating PF and mucocutaneous Pemphigus, respectively. In addition to the existing models, with the active models reported in this work, it will be possible to recapitulate and mimic the main forms of pemphigus in adult mice, thus allowing a better understanding of the disease in the long term, including the benefit/risk ratio of new therapies. Results: The new DSG1 and the DSG1/DSG3 mixed models were developed as proposed. Immunized animals, and subsequently, animals that received splenocytes from the immunized donors produce a high concentration of circulating antibodies against the specific antigens. The severity of the disease was assessed by evaluating the PV score, evidencing that the DSG1/DSG3 mixed model exhibits the most severe symptoms among those analyzed. Alopecia, erosions, and blistering were observed in the skin of DSG1, DSG3 and DSG1/DSG3 models, while lesions in the mucosa were observed only in DSG3 and DSG1/DSG3 animals. The effectiveness of the corticosteroid Methyl-Prednisolone was evaluated in the DSG1 and DSG1/DSG3 models, that showed only partial responsiveness.

Immunostimulatory effects of Toll‐like receptor ligands as adjuvants in establishing a novel mouse model for pemphigus vulgaris

“…Previous studies demonstrated that antibodies induced by immunization with rDsg3 in wild‐type mice, constrained by immune tolerance, failed to produce pathogenic antibodies capable of recognizing native Dsg3 15–18 . Notably, the adjuvants used in these studies were complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), alum, 15,17,19 squalene‐based TiterMax 18 or unspecified 11 . Although CFA based on mycobacteria remains the most potent immunopotentiator reported to date, 20 we believe that the recent availability of vaccine adjuvants with excellent immune‐activation capabilities opens up possibilities for inducing Dsg3‐specific autoimmune responses.…”

“…Therefore, a clear need exists for novel PV animal models that exhibit overactivated yet controllable immune responses, addressing these limitations and providing a more comprehensive understanding of PV pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic interventions. Previous studies demonstrated that antibodies induced by immunization with rDsg3 in wild‐type mice, constrained by immune tolerance, failed to produce pathogenic antibodies capable of recognizing native Dsg3 15–18 . Notably, the adjuvants used in these studies were complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), alum, 15,17,19 squalene‐based TiterMax 18 or unspecified 11 .…”