A Novel In Vivo Technique for Observations of Choke Vessels in a Rat Skin Flap Model

Zhuang, Yuehong; Hu, Siwang; Wu, Dongde; Tang, Maolin; Xu, Da

doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3182589c0e

Cited by 38 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…The perforator flap was marked on the dorsolateral side. Based on previous studies and an angiographic study by our group (8), this flap contains two even vascular territories, the iliolumbar artery perforator vessel and the posterior interior intercostal artery perforator vessel. The size of the flap was ~3×8 cm (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To visualize vascular networks in the skin flap, following exsanguination, one control rat and one rat were injected with gelatin/lead oxide seven days after flap surgery, following the method described by Zhuang et al (8). In brief, 5 g gelatin was diluted in 100 ml tap water, heated to 40°C and followed by the addition of 100 mg water-soluble red lead oxide (Pb 3 O 4 , Jining Hengtai Chemical Co., Ltd., Jining, China).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One perforator vessel can safely perfuse an adjacent territory via dilation of a choke vessel. According to a detailed study on choke vessels by Zhuang et al (8), the diameter of choke vessels increased at 3 days after flap elevation and further increased to reach a maximum at day 5. Subsequent to flap elevation, their tortuosity increased as well, leading to increased vascular length, with the greatest change occurring from day 5 until day 7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inflammatory response associated with choke vessel remodeling in the extended perforator flap model

Qing¹,

Lei²,

Tang³

et al. 2017

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Ischemic necrosis of the surgical flap is a common complication. The behavior of choke vessels has an important role in skin flap survival. However, the mechanism of choke vessel remodeling has remained elusive. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible association between inflammatory responses and choke vessel remodeling in the extended perforator flap model in rats. After flap elevation, the animals were randomly divided into three groups (n=6 in each) for tissue analysis at three, five or seven days after flap surgery. Six additional rats served as a control group (no flap elevation). Tissue samples were collected from the choke zone for histological, western blot and PCR analyses. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as inflammatory cytokines were examined in the present study. Histopathological analysis showed that dilation of choke vessels and increased vessel wall thickness was obvious after flap elevation. It also showed edema, inflammation cell aggregation after the operation. Compared with the control group, the protein and mRNA expression levels of MCP-1 and TNF-α were significantly increased at days 3, 5 and 7 after flap elevation, while reaching a maximum at day 5. These findings indicated that inflammatory responses may have an important role in choke vessel remodeling. MCP-1 and TNF-α may be considered as potential targets for modulating the behavior of choke vessels.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inflammatory response associated with choke vessel remodeling in the extended perforator flap model

Qing¹,

Lei²,

Tang³

et al. 2017

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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“…[1][2][3] Various perforator flaps designed to have varied conformations have been created, and they have largely replaced traditional flaps because they lead to reduced morbidity at donor sites. 4 But such designer perforator flaps often present with partial necrosis because of ischemiaereperfusion injury, 5 absence of angiogenesis, 6 insufficient relaxation of blood vessels, 7 and oxidative stress. 8 Leonurine (4-guanidino-n-butyl syringate; Leo) is an active alkaloid extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Leonurus cardiaca, which has been commonly used for the Ethical approval: All protocols were permitted by Wenzhou Medical University Animal Care Committee and were in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Leonurine on Multiterritory Perforator Flap Survival in Rats

Lin

Zhou

et al. 2020

Journal of Surgical Research

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“…Although some pertinent studies in this regard have already been conducted, 11,12 these have mostly been only observations from clinical or animal experiments and as such have been limited to empirical or descriptive conclusions. Our objective instead is to establish a theoretical hemodynamic model for perforator flaps that can explain existing phenomena noted by others, provide a capability for predicting future and even unknown possibilities, and overall provide a good mathematical tool that can then be applied later for both clinical and basic laboratory studies on perforator flaps.…”

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confidence: 99%

Basic Perforator Flap Hemodynamic Mathematical Model

Tao

Ding

Wang

et al. 2016

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

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Background:A mathematical model to help explain the hemodynamic characteristics of perforator flaps based on blood flow resistance systems within the flap will serve as a theoretical guide for the future study and clinical applications of these flaps.Methods:There are 3 major blood flow resistance network systems of a perforator flap. These were defined as the blood flow resistance of an anastomosis between artery and artery of adjacent perforasomes, between artery and vein within a perforasome, and then between vein and vein corresponding to the outflow of that perforasome. From this, a calculation could be made of the number of such blood flow resistance network systems that must be crossed for all perforasomes within a perforator flap to predict whether that arrangement would be viable.Results:The summation of blood flow resistance networks from each perforasome in a given perforator flap could predict which portions would likely survive. This mathematical model shows how this is directly dependent on the location of the vascular pedicle to the flap and whether supercharging or superdrainage maneuvers have been added. These configurations will give an estimate of the hemodynamic characteristics for the given flap design.Conclusions:This basic mathematical model can (1) conveniently determine the degree of difficulty for each perforasome within a perforator flap to survive; (2) semiquantitatively allow the calculation of basic hemodynamic parameters; and (3) allow the assessment of the pros and cons expected for each pattern of perforasomes encountered clinically based on predictable hemodynamic observations.

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A Novel In Vivo Technique for Observations of Choke Vessels in a Rat Skin Flap Model

Abstract: The observation chamber technique for in vivo study of the choke anastomotic region of the rat dorsal skin flap model is a promising novel method for studying skin microcirculation. The time sequence of microvascular events in the choke anastomotic zone of this rat model was documented.

Cited by 38 publications

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Inflammatory response associated with choke vessel remodeling in the extended perforator flap model

Inflammatory response associated with choke vessel remodeling in the extended perforator flap model

The Effect of Leonurine on Multiterritory Perforator Flap Survival in Rats

Basic Perforator Flap Hemodynamic Mathematical Model

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