A Novel Large-Animal Model of Peripheral Arterial Disease

Abstract

Background: Ultrasound measurement of brachial artery flow mediated dilation during reactive hyperemia has been widely used in research as a noninvasive measure of endothelial function. However, the need for B-mode ultrasonography to measure brachial artery diameter can be technically challenging and inconvenient for providers and patients. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a technology that with limited training can noninvasively measure oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb) concentrations in the skin to create an oxygenation map. The aim of this pilot study was to determine if HSI could be used to demonstrate vascular dysfunction in the upper extremity of patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and coronary artery disease (CAD).Methods: This prospective study included consecutive, consented patients presenting to the vascular clinic with and without diagnosed arterial disease as well as healthy volunteers. Patients underwent HSI at the right biceps, forearm, and palm before and after cuff occlusion (50 mm Hg above systolic) for 5 minutes. Patients with blood pressure differences between arms >15 mm Hg, indicating possible vascular disease in the measured extremity, were excluded. The absolute and percent changes in oxyHb and deoxyHb levels were assessed. Medical records of enrolled patients were reviewed for demographic data, medications, surgical history, and other pertinent information. Patients were separated into healthy control and disease (consisting of patients with PAD or CAD) groups. Results are mean 6 standard error. Baseline differences in categoric variables of medical history were evaluated using the c 2 and Fisher exact test. Differences in HSI values between the groups were evaluated using the two-tailed t-test with statistical significance determined as P < .05.Results: The study enrolled 20 controls, including vascular clinic patients without arterial disease as well as healthy volunteers, and 15 patients with disease. The distinct groups had similar values at baseline. Significant differences were noted in every area of the arm tested for absolute changes in oxyHb values after cuff occlusion (P < .05), with the greatest difference noted in the forearm (percent change oxyHb: 57% vs 125%; P ¼ .005) for disease vs control, respectively; Table. No differences were noted for deox-yHb values. There were no differences between younger (age 40 years) and older control patients. Subgroup analysis of patients with PAD and/or CAD in the Fig demonstrated decreasing arterial reactivity (change in oxyHb after occlusion) with increasing number of vascular beds affected.Conclusions: This study presents a novel way to measure endothelial dysfunction similarly to the brachial artery reactivity test. Our results suggest the ability of HSI (using forearm oxyHb changes after suprasystolic brachial cuff occlusion) to assess the presence and severity of PAD and CAD based on systemic vascular dysfunction at sites remote from the clinically diseased vascular bed. This could enable early screening and ...

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