A novel method for testing and determining ILSS for marine and offshore composites

Gagani, Abedin I.; Krauklis, Andrey E.; Sæter, Erik; Vedvik, Nils Petter; Echtermeyer, Andreas T.

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.04.040

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Composite materials have slowly and steadily replaced upper metal (above water level) in more and more marine installations, whether new installations or in renovations of existing structures. Carbon fiber has several advantages in marine engineering construction [13][14][15][16][17], including lighter weight, high strength, and wear resistance. Most installations use structural parts to replace traditional building materials, reducing the high freight weight, seawater corrosion, and the problems arising from rebar materials [18,19].…”

Section: Marinementioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: A Critical Review on Recycling Composite Waste Using Pyrolysis for Sustainable Development

Abdallah

Juaidi

Savas³

et al. 2021

Energies

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The rising usage of carbon and glass fibers has raised awareness of scrap management options. Every year, tons of composite scrap containing precious carbon and glass fibers accumulate from numerous sectors. It is necessary to recycle them efficiently, without harming the environment. Pyrolysis seems to be a realistic and promising approach, not only for efficient recovery, but also for high-quality fiber production. In this paper, the essential characteristics of the pyrolysis process, their influence on fiber characteristics, and the use of recovered fibers in the creation of a new composite are highlighted. Pyrolysis, like any other recycling process, has several drawbacks, the most problematic of which is the probability of char development on the resultant fiber surface. Due to the char, the mechanical characteristics of the recovered fibers may decrease substantially. Chemically treating and post-heating the fibers both help to reduce char formation, but only to a limited degree. Thus, it was important to identify the material cost reductions that may be achieved using recovered carbon fibers as structural reinforcement, as well as the manufacture of high-value products using recycled carbon fibers on a large scale. Recycled fibers are cheaper than virgin fibers, but they inherently vary from them as well. This has hampered the entry of recycled fiber into the virgin fiber industry. Based on cost and performance, the task of the current study was to modify the material in such a way that virgin fiber was replaced with recycled fiber. In order to successfully modify the recycling process, a regulated optimum temperature and residence duration in post-pyrolysis were advantageous.

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Section: Marinementioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: A Critical Review on Recycling Composite Waste Using Pyrolysis for Sustainable Development

Abdallah

Juaidi

Savas³

et al. 2021

Energies

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“…Damage caused by the hydrolytic aging of the sizing-rich composite interphase very likely leads to a decrease in interfacial strength. For instance, Gagani et al [68] and Rocha et al [42] have reported the composite interphase-related deterioration of the mechanical properties due to aging in water. It is likely that the formation of the interphase flaws described in this work is the mechanistic origin of the interfacial strength deterioration of composites.…”

Section: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Hydrolytic Degradation of the Sizing-Rich Composite Interphase

2019

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Glass fiber-reinforced composites are exposed to hydrolytic degradation in subsea and offshore applications. Fiber-matrix interphase degradation was observed after the matrix was fully saturated with water and typical water absorption tests according to ASTM D5229 were stopped. Due to water-induced dissolution, fiber-matrix interphase flaws were formed, which then lead to increased water uptake. Cutting sample plates from a larger laminate, where the fibers were running parallel to the 1.5 mm long short edge, allowed the hydrolytic degradation process to be studied. The analysis is based on a full mechanistic mass balance approach considering all the composite’s constituents: water uptake and leaching of the matrix, dissolution of the glass fibers, and dissolution of the composite interphase. These processes were modeled using a combination of Fickian diffusion and zero-order kinetics. For the composite laminate studied here with a saturated epoxy matrix, the fiber matrix interphase is predicted to be fully degraded after 22 to 30 years.

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“…Epoxy materials are widely used in the marine domain as coatings [1,2], adhesives [3,4] and as a matrix for many composite materials [5][6][7][8]. Because long term durability is mandatory for structures used at sea for both ecological and economic reasons, the durability of epoxy polymers in a humid environment has been widely studied in the past [9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical ageing of epoxy in a wet environment: Coupling between plasticization and physical ageing

Guen-Geffroy¹,

Gac²,

Habert³

et al. 2019

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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This paper shows how physical ageing and plasticization processes are coupled in an amine-based epoxy. The study combines several ageing conditions including thermal ageing in the dry state (from 40 to 60 °C), ageing in a humid environment (RH 50% and RH 75%) as well as immersion in seawater at several temperatures from 15 to 40 °C. First results are presented to highlight that the two processes (physical ageing and plasticization) both occur when the epoxy is immersed in water. A step-by-step approach is then used to evaluate how the plasticization process induced by the presence of water is affected by physical ageing and vice versa. It appears that the plasticization process, which leads to a large decrease in maximum stress under tensile loading, is not affected by physical ageing of the epoxy. The physical ageing mechanism is not affected by the presence of water in the polymer, i.e. the same increase in maximum tensile stress (26 MPa) is observed in air and in water. However, the kinetic rate of physical ageing is much faster in water due to the plasticization of the polymer. These effects must be considered when accelerated aging methods are applied. Highlights ► Plasticization process induced by water absorption is not greatly affected by physical ageing. ► Physical ageing process occurs in both dry and humid environments. ► Physical ageing is much faster in the presence of water (by a factor of 10).

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A novel method for testing and determining ILSS for marine and offshore composites

Cited by 26 publications

References 25 publications

RETRACTED: A Critical Review on Recycling Composite Waste Using Pyrolysis for Sustainable Development

RETRACTED: A Critical Review on Recycling Composite Waste Using Pyrolysis for Sustainable Development

Long-Term Hydrolytic Degradation of the Sizing-Rich Composite Interphase

Physical ageing of epoxy in a wet environment: Coupling between plasticization and physical ageing

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