A Novel Method for Verifying War Mortality while Estimating Iraqi Deaths for the Iran-Iraq War through Operation Desert Storm (1980-1993)

Li, Shang Ju; Flaxman, Abraham D.; Lafta, Riyadh; Galway, Lindsay P.; Takaro, Tim K.; Burnham, Gilbert; Hagopian, Amy

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164709

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Armed conflicts are a major cause of mortality, injury and disability, imposing heavy burdens on populations, governments, economies, and health care systems worldwide [23,24]. Documentation of the impact of armed conflict on health is one of the most difficult and most important public health challenges [25]. Injuries and fatalities related directly to the Libyan conflict pose a major challenge to the health care services of the country, in which the already fragile infrastructure has been largely disrupted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends and patterns of deaths, injuries and intentional disabilities within the Libyan armed conflict: 2012-2017

2019

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Background The consequences of armed conflicts impose considerable burdens on the economy and health care services, particularly in countries that are not equipped to deal with them, such as in the Middle-East, and North African countries. Little is known about the burden of mortality and injury resulting from the Libyan armed conflict. This study aimed to determine the trends and patterns of mortality, injury and disabilities directly associated with the Libyan armed conflict and analyze the geographic variation within the country during 2012–2107. Methods Data on conflict-related deaths, injuries, and disabilities were obtained from the national registry offices. The information included date, place, and demographic information. A questionnaire was also used to obtain information from the affected individuals and their families. National and regional trends of mortality, injury and disabilities were calculated. Spatial analysis was performed using geographic data available on all documented cases to analyze clustering of mortality and injury. Results A total of 16,126 deaths and 42,633 injuries were recorded with complete information during the Libyan conflict from 2012 till 2017. The overall mortality rate was 2.7/1000 population and injury rate was 7.1/1000. The overall male-to-female ratio of mortality and injury was 4.4:1; 42.3% were single and aged 20–30 years old, and 26.4% were aged 31–40 years. Moreover, injuries resulted in death in 20.1% of cases and disability in 33.5% of the cases. Most of the disabilities were caused by blasts, while gun shots resulted in more deaths. The overall mortality and injury rates were highest during 2015–2017. These rates were highest in the eastern region. Injuries were most concentrated in Benghazi and Derna in the east, followed by Sert and Musrata in the central region. Conclusions Conflict-related mortality, injury and disability has inflicted a heavy burden on the Libyan society that may persist for a long time. The rates of these casualties varied in time and place. National, well-planned efforts are needed to address this serious situation and its consequences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends and patterns of deaths, injuries and intentional disabilities within the Libyan armed conflict: 2012-2017

2019

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“…Although a generalization, it is true that war is always seen as having something to do with a rise in mortality. Several studies have demonstrated an association between war and mortality in other settings [16][17][18] . For example, Li et al 18 , found that deaths during war intervals are significantly higher when compared with peace periods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have demonstrated an association between war and mortality in other settings [16][17][18] . For example, Li et al 18 , found that deaths during war intervals are significantly higher when compared with peace periods. Furthermore, previous studies evaluating the impact of peace on health have observed consistent results on the benefits of peace implementation on the improvement of the health of populations 19,20 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of combat casualties admitted to the emergency department during the negotiation of the comprehensive Colombian process of peace

Ordóñez¹,

Manzano²,

Parra³

et al. 2017

Colomb Med

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Patients were subsequently divided into two groups: those seen before the declaration of the process of peace truce (November 2012) and those after (negotiation period). Variables were compared with respect to periods Results: A total of 448 hostile casualties were registered. There was a gradual decline in the number of admissions to the emergency department during the negotiation period. The number of soldiers suffering blast and rifle injuries also decreased over this period. In 2012 there were nearly 150 hostile casualties' admissions to the ER. This number decreased to 84, 63, 32 and 6 in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. Both, the proportion of patients with an ISS ≥9 and admitted to the intensive care unit were significantly higher in the period before peace negotiation. From August to December/2016 no admissions of war casualties were registered. Conclusion:We describe a series of soldiers wounded in combat that were admitted to the emergency department before and during the negotiation of the Colombian process of peace. Overall, we found a trend toward a decrease in the number of casualties admitted to the emergency department possibly in part, as a result of the period of peace negotiation. Article history:Received: 18 July 2017 Revised: 14 November 2017 Accepted: 20 December 2017 Keywords:Military personnel, wounds and injuries, critical care, critical care outcomes, warfare Palabras clave:Policia militar, heridas y lesiones, cuidado critico, resultados en cuidado critico, guerra Este número disminuyó a 84, 63, 32 y 6 en los años 2013, 2014, 2015 y 2016 respectivamente. La proporción de pacientes con un ISS ≥9 y la proporción de admitidos a la unidad de cuidado intensivo fueron significativamente mayores en el periodo antes de la negociación.Desde Agosto a Diciembre/2016 no se registraron admisiones. Conclusión:Este estudio describe una disminución gradual en el número de soldados heridos en combate admitidos al departamento de emergencia en un periodo de 6 años. Este fenómeno pudo deberse al periodo de negociación del proceso de paz.

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Trauma in Iraq's Wars: Assessment and Management of Craniofacial Injury

Bayati

Samaha

Bayati

et al. 2020

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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As the most prominent portion of the human body, the face embraces a multifaceted responsibility for functionality and survival while contributing to identity and self-image. Inopportunely, due to its distinctive anatomical location, the face as a unit is highly suspectable to trauma, particularly in warfare. As a result, facial injury creates a physical and psychological trauma that needs to be addressed immediately. In the following article, a detailed literature review was conducted to examine the interplay between facial injuries throughout multiple wars in Iraq and their management. The authors found a significant increase in facial injuries due to shell fragments corresponding with modern advances in warfare targeting mass casualties. The capacity to manage the magnitude and level of trauma observed in Iraq requires a substantial amount of resources and a systematic approach that unfortunately is unattainable in a country that is still struggling to rebuild after decades of oppression and war. Due to the circumstances, surgeons have to rely on training and experience to provide the best care for their patients and it is imperative that we continue to train our surgeons to rely on their skills and experience to ensure a high level of care with limited resources and lack of technology.

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A Novel Method for Verifying War Mortality while Estimating Iraqi Deaths for the Iran-Iraq War through Operation Desert Storm (1980-1993)

Cited by 3 publications

References 27 publications

Trends and patterns of deaths, injuries and intentional disabilities within the Libyan armed conflict: 2012-2017

Trends and patterns of deaths, injuries and intentional disabilities within the Libyan armed conflict: 2012-2017

Analysis of combat casualties admitted to the emergency department during the negotiation of the comprehensive Colombian process of peace

Trauma in Iraq's Wars: Assessment and Management of Craniofacial Injury

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