A Novel Microfluidic-Based OMC-PEDOT-PSS Composite Electrochemical Sensor for Continuous Dopamine Monitoring

Abstract

Fast and precise analysis techniques using small sample volumes are required for next-generation clinical monitoring at the patient’s bedside, so as to provide the clinician with relevant chemical data in real-time. The integration of an electrochemical sensor into a microfluidic chip allows for the achievement of real-time chemical monitoring due to the low consumption of analytes, short analysis time, low cost, and compact size. In this work, dopamine, used as a model, is an important neurotransmitter responsible for controlling various vital life functions. The aim is to develop a novel serpentine microfluidic-based electrochemical sensor, using a screen-printed electrode for continuous dopamine detection. The developed sensor employed the composite of ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) and poly (3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS). The performance of a microfluidic, integrated with the sensor, was amperometrically evaluated using a computer-controlled microfluidic platform. The microfluidic-based dopamine sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 20.2 ± 0.6 μA μmol L−1, and a detection limit (LOD) of 21.6 ± 0.002 nmol L−1, with high selectivity. This microfluidic-based electrochemical sensor was successfully employed to determine dopamine continuously, which could overcome the problem of sensor fouling with more than 90% stability for over 24 h. This novel microfluidic sensor platform provides a powerful tool for the development of a continuous dopamine detection system for human clinical application.

Review—Catalytic Electrochemical Biosensors for Dopamine: Design, Performance, and Healthcare Applications

“…To reduce sample volume to less than 1 microliter and increase applicability, Nuh et al 166 developed a microfluidic platform with an integrated SPCE electrode functionalized with OMC-PEDOT-PSS, enabling detection of dopamine with an LOD of 21.6 nM and a linearity range up to 10 μM,, allowing measurement in a very small sample volume. To increase reproducibility and ease of manufacturing of biosensors, a recent trend uses 3D printing to fabricate electrodes.…”

Laser Scribing Turns Plastic Waste into a Biosensor via the Restructuration of Nanocarbon Composites for Noninvasive Dopamine Detection

“…Recent studies demonstrate that electrochemical sensing is one of the most promising methods for determining neurotransmitters at the pmol/L level in biofluids and designing POC devices [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. However, due to the utilization of costly metals [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ], aptamers [ 20 , 21 ], processed nanocarbon [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ], enzymes [ 9 , 26 ], hybrid composites [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], and complicated fabrication process [ 44 , 45 ], their application for creating large-scale recognizing units/electrodes is still restricted, yet they offer good sensitivity. Therefore, a novel sensor that is highly efficient and economical must be designed without a complex manufacturing technique.…”

From Enzymatic Dopamine Biosensors to OECT Biosensors of Dopamine

“…Low DA levels at different brain compartments cause several neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and schizophrenia [ 5 ]. Consequently, the measurements of the DA concentrations are important in all neuro-psychiatric domains and, recently, in general medicine, too [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”