“…The hallmarks of AD pathology include progressive memory loss and neuropathology, which is mainly caused by extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss, and neuroinflammatory responses ( Guo et al, 2020 ). Despite decades of research, the molecular mechanism of AD pathogenesis is unclear, therefore, no effective treatments, especially drugs, have been shown to slow the progression of AD ( Mangialasche et al, 2010 ; Briggs et al, 2016 ; Haass and Selkoe, 2022 ; Panza and Lozupone, 2022 ; Slomski, 2022 ; Topal et al, 2022 ; Vandendriessche et al, 2022 ). Therefore, it is urgent to explore alternative targets to uncover the pathogenesis as well as for AD diagnosis and treatment.…”