This dissertation would not have been possible without the help and support of lots of individuals and institutions, to only some of whom are possible to give particular mention here. Above all, I would like to thank my principle supervisor Dr. Jie Zhang for his constant mentorship and full support in the past four years. He has taught me, both consciously and unconsciously, how good research is done. He has provided me extensive research guidance, and helped me to develop the academic skills in paper writing, oral presentation, and critical thinking. All these skills have prepared me well to carry out independent research. The good advice, constant support and kindness of my second supervisor, Dr. Nadia Magnenant-Thalmann, have been invaluable on my academic career, for which I am extremely grateful. Special thanks go to my Qualification Examination (QE) committee members Dr.