“…In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed TDDE algorithm for solving 0-1 knapsack problems, twenty 0-1 knapsack test instances are produced by using the method as recommended by [4], which is widely used in the field of 0-1 knapsack problem research [15,16,19]. To generate each 0-1 knapsack test instance, we randomly generate the weight W j and profit P j for item j, where j = 1, · · · , D; W j is a uniformly distributed random number in the range [5,20], P j is randomly generated from a uniform distribution in the range [50,100] and the maximum weight capacity of a knapsack C is set to:…”