A novel range-free localization based on regulated neighborhood distance for wireless ad hoc and sensor networks

An Immune-Based Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

“… All sensor nodes and BS are stationary after deployment.  All sensor nodes have a unique ID and are location-aware using localization algorithms [19,20].  All sensor nodes have the ability to communicate directly with BS.…”

“…N clon =p s ), the worst case running time is considered. In this case, C(gen) will be given by (20) which shows that the worst IEERP complexity is O (Max gen …”

RI-MDS: Multidimensional Scaling Iterative Localization Algorithm Using RSSI in Wireless Sensor Networks

“…Acquire the estimated values of arguments sin , cos , , and by applying the MLE method on (5). These values are in the sense of least mean square error.…”

“…Localization techniques for sensor nodes can be classified into range-based techniques and range-free techniques [2]. Range-based techniques estimate location by the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) [3], the time of arrival (TOA) [4], the angle of arrival (AOA) [5], and so forth. They perform localization via geometric calculation.…”

Multi-hop Range-Free Localization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Using Principal Component Regression

“…DV-Hop localization algorithm has good distributiveness and expandability. DV-hop follows three steps: The positioning accuracy of DV-Hop algorithm mainly relies on the precision of estimated hop-distances [14] . However, there exists certain error between hop-distance and real-distances between sensor nodes.…”