“…A strong enhancement in mechanical strength, achieved through a wide range of SPD procedures, such as high-pressure torsion [32], equal-channel angular pressing [33,34], multiple channel-die compression [35], elliptical cross-section spiral equal-channel extrusion [36], equal-channel forward extrusion [37], is extensively reported in literature. Formation of ultra-refined microstructures, consisting of submicron, or even, nano-sized grains, is argued in most of the works to be the main cause promoting the mechanical enhancement of copper.…”