A novel solid-state electrochemiluminescence sensor for atropine determination based on Ru(bpy)32+/carbon nanospheres/Nafion composite film

Zhang, Amin; Miao, Chongchong; Shi, Hongyuan; Xiang, Hao; Huang, Chusen; Jia, Nengqin

doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.08.075

Cited by 40 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…23,[28][29][30] Tropane alkaloids, scopolamine and atropine, have demonstrated the ability to reliably behave as co-reactants producing ECL through the oxidative-reduction pathway. 23,24,31 As previously observed for atropine, 24 scopolamine's limited redox activity, results in minimal oxidation of the species at unmodified electrode surfaces. At significantly high concentrations a measurable oxidation signal can be obtained, with oxidation occurring at ∼1.3 V vs. Ag, refer to Fig.…”

Section: Detection Of Scopolamine Via Eclmentioning

confidence: 66%

Electrochemiluminescent sensors as a screening strategy for psychoactive substances within biological matrices

Brown

Jacquet

Biscay

et al. 2020

Analyst

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Section: Detection Of Scopolamine Via Eclmentioning

confidence: 66%

Electrochemiluminescent sensors as a screening strategy for psychoactive substances within biological matrices

Brown

Jacquet

Biscay

et al. 2020

Analyst

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“…With the dependance upon the co-reactant and its dissociation mechanism influencing the relationship between ECL intensity and system pH, amine species are widely accepted to exhibit comparable relationships as a result of their similar structural properties. 11,21,35,37,70 As such, the metal luminophore choice is largely independent of pH effects, with the co-reactants pKa dictating where maximum ECL intensities are observed. 11,21,35,37,65,70 Prior research has identified pH 8 as the optimum pH for the ECL analysis of ATS and tropane alkaloids as well as a number of additional amine species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,21,35,37,70 As such, the metal luminophore choice is largely independent of pH effects, with the co-reactants pKa dictating where maximum ECL intensities are observed. 11,21,35,37,65,70 Prior research has identified pH 8 as the optimum pH for the ECL analysis of ATS and tropane alkaloids as well as a number of additional amine species. 11,21,35,37,70 Although the optimum pH of these species is largely consistent variations in ECL intensity at the lower pH ranges do present the opportunity to exploit these differences to further improve sensor specificity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,21,35,37,65,70 Prior research has identified pH 8 as the optimum pH for the ECL analysis of ATS and tropane alkaloids as well as a number of additional amine species. 11,21,35,37,70 Although the optimum pH of these species is largely consistent variations in ECL intensity at the lower pH ranges do present the opportunity to exploit these differences to further improve sensor specificity. 21 Previously we have coined pH-controlled ECL which exploits this characteristic for the differentiation of atropine and scopolamine with the [Ru(bpy)3] 2+ luminophore.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Previous studies have mostly involved tri-n-propylamine (TPA), the workhorse of anodic co-reactant ECL, with iridium and osmium complexes producing efficiencies comparable or indeed superior to those of the traditional [Ru(bpy)3] 2+ luminophore. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] To date, a range of illicit and alternative drug substances have been detected down to forensically and clinically relevant ranges via ECL, including atropine 21,22,[33][34][35][36] , scopolamine 21,37 , ketamine 38 , amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) 11 and cocaine. 34,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45] However, few investigations into the detection of multiple analytes within the same sample matrix have been performed, due to the inherent lack of specificity offered by ECL This is problematic for the screening of typical street samples that may contain a variety of structurally related drugs, in addition to diluents or adulterants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychoactive Substances and How to Find Them: Electrochemiluminescence As a Strategy for Identification and Differentiation of Drug Species

et al. 2020

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Rapid and continuous appearance of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) onto the global drug market has highlighted the significant requirement for new and alternative screening methodologies. Current screening protocols, primarily consisting of the colorimetric NIK® tests, are not only inadequate for NPS but they are not compatible with any matrix other than the pure drug product. Here we discuss the potential power of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) as a simple tool for drug screening. The intrinsic advantages of ECL make it an ideal candidate as an alternative analytical technique for the rapid identification of drug species, within a range of complex matrices. NPS, often contain a mixture of substances, while analysis of complex matrices can be challenging due to a number of potential interfering species present. Traditional ECL systems typically employ a single ruthenium based luminophore. This single complex approach often prevents the successful differentiation of structurally similar compounds, which typically interact with the complex via analogous mechanisms producing emission within the same potential regions. Multiplexed sensors utilising several different metal luminophores as well as pH controlled emission offer viable mechanisms to tackle the limited specificity associated with ECL techniques. Utilising tropane alkaloids, atropine and scopolamine as model compounds, a straightforward ECL sensor based upon a portable screen printed electrode set up, offering rapid results at minimal cost in a variety of complex matrices has been developed. The sensors portability matches that of current screening protocols but utilises less hazardous materials and removed subjectivity. Two alternative methodologies to improve the specificity offered by ECL were investigated within this study. By exploiting the relationship between pH and ECL emission the ability to differentiate between the two structurally similar species, upon a simple ruthenium based sensor, such as shown in Figure 1, is possible. The use of pH controlled ECL, allows for emission from one species to be “switched off” within a mixed sample. With knowledge of the target species pKa this methodology can be used to tailor the sensor toward a variety of species, offering improved specificity without having to alter sensor fabrication. The employment of different metal luminophores, such as iridium and osmium, can offer the possibility to increase specificity, with different selectivity offered by each luminophore. By using a combination of different metal luminophores the ability to differentiate between structurally similar species becomes possible, something currently not attainable when utilising a single luminophore system. Furthermore, the opportunity to negate previously encountered interference effects due to matrix composition becomes viable. By utilising a combination of different metal complexes we have successfully demonstrated the ability to effectively negate the interference effect from naturally occurring amino acids present in biological matrices such as human serum, a previously noted limitation for the use of ECL within biological matrices. Here we provide a strong proof-of-concept for the development of multiplexed ECL sensors, utilising several luminophores to tackle the limited specificity currently offered by ECL. By tackling this limitation, the potential applications of current ECL based sensors could be expanded significantly. Whats more our sensor design offers the ability to analyse a variety of complex biological matrices without the requirement of sample preparation. The potential to utilise one portable technique for drug screening across a variety of matrices, with the ability to tailor emission toward a specific drug species, without the requirement of a full lab facility will not only benefit the wider sensing community but such sensors offer the potential to reduce cost, increase throughput and simplify drug screening procedures in a variety of fields. Finally, a key challenge of electroanalytical sensors is multiplexed detection and this study will facilitate understanding of ECL based sensors to overcome this hurdle. Figure 1

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Light‐Emitting Devices Based on Electrochemiluminescence Gels

Cho

Lee

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a self‐emission of light from electrochemically excited luminophores via a series of redox reactions. Over the past decade, light‐emitting devices based on gel‐phase ECL active materials, i.e., gel electrolyte composites (referred to as ECL gels) containing an ECL luminophore, electrolyte, and network matrix, have attracted considerable attention as a complementary device platform to conventional electroluminescent devices for low‐cost printable displays and solid‐state light sources. Although the ECL phenomenon is extensively exploited in analytical diagnostics and sensing, the development of printable and fast‐response gel‐type luminescent materials may further expand the potential application of ECL in solid‐state flexible, bendable, and stretchable light‐emitting devices. This review summarizes the operation mechanisms of ECL‐based light‐emitting devices, ECL emitters and electrolytes, engineering strategies for obtaining printable high‐strength/high‐conductivity ECL gels, and emerging applications of gel‐type ECL devices.

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A novel solid-state electrochemiluminescence sensor for atropine determination based on Ru(bpy)32+/carbon nanospheres/Nafion composite film

Cited by 40 publications

References 38 publications

Electrochemiluminescent sensors as a screening strategy for psychoactive substances within biological matrices

Electrochemiluminescent sensors as a screening strategy for psychoactive substances within biological matrices

Psychoactive Substances and How to Find Them: Electrochemiluminescence As a Strategy for Identification and Differentiation of Drug Species

Light‐Emitting Devices Based on Electrochemiluminescence Gels

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