A Novel SPME Fiber Chemically Linked with 1-Vinyl-3-hexadecylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate Ionic Liquid Coupled with GC for the Simultaneous Determination of Pyrethroids in Vegetables

Abstract

A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber chemically linked with ionic liquid (IL), coupled to gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) technique for the simultaneous sampling and determination of pyrethroids has been developed. A novel ionic liquid, 1-vinyl-3-hexadecylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (ViHDIm ? PF 6 -), was synthesized and used as SPME fiber material. The IL-linked fiber was applied to the determination of seven pyrethroids in vegetables by direct immersion extraction, followed by gas chromatographic separation and electron capture detection. Important extraction parameters, including extraction temperature, extraction time, stirring rate, desorption temperature and time were carefully optimized. Several experiments were carried out to evaluate the analytical characteristics of the SPME-GC-ECD method under optimum conditions. The limits of detection (LODs) for the seven pyrethroids were between 0.07 and 0.29 lg L -1 . The linearity was from 0.1 to 100 lg L -1 for fenpropathrin, from 0.25 to 100 lg L -1 for cypermethrin, permethrin and deltamethrin, and from 0.5 to 100 lg L -1 for flucythrinate, fenvalerate and fluvalinate. Single fiber and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility, expressed as relative standard deviation, were less than 8.10 and 13.27 %, respectively. Compared with the commercial polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) fiber, the extraction efficiency of the prepared IL-linked fiber for seven pyrethroids was about 20 % higher than that of PDMS fiber. The established SPME-GC-ECD was successfully applied in the detection of pyrethroids in cabbage and cucumber, with LODs of the seven pyrethroids between 0.21 and 0.49 lg kg -1 and recoveries of between 67.40 and 90.38 % in vegetables.

Determination of pesticides residues in vegetable and fruit samples by solid‐phase microextraction with a covalent organic framework as the fiber coating coupled with gas chromatography and electron capture detection

“…In this work, the SPME based method with the TpPaNO 2 coated fiber for the determination of the 11 pesticides was compared with other reported SPME methods with different fiber coatings, including PMPS‐OH , ViHDIm + PF 6 − , biosorbent and cork . The data listed in Table show that the current method is better than some of the other reported methods in terms of linearity and LODs , and has a comparable performance with the methods in terms of the RSD values.…”

Thin Porous Poly(ionic liquid) Coatings for Enhanced Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction

“…Other methodologies such as electropolymerization, silica-mold, and spray-coating have also been tested [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Nonetheless, despite much success as new easy-tunable materials [ 20 ], the slow kinetics in the extraction process, i.e., the enrichment of analyses from the sampling sites at ambient or low temperatures, can potentially hamper their full potential [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. In this context, porous SPME matrices can be key to overcome this issue.…”

Magnetic effervescent tablets containing ionic liquids as a non-conventional extraction and dispersive agent for determination of pyrethroids in milk

“…As a result of widespread use, pyrethroid residues are known to migrate to foods, such as vegetable oil, eggs, fruits, vegetables, fish, and milk (Ciscato, Gebara & Spinosa, 2014;Daniela, et al, 2014;Meneghini et al, 2014;Pirsaheb, Fattahi & Shamsipur, 2013;Yu, Ang, Yang, Zheng & Zhang, 2017;Zhang, Wang, Lin, Fang & Wang, 2012). Milk and milk products are consumed regularly in our daily lives on account of their nutritional value and characteristic flavor.…”