A novel sulfur mustard (HD) vapor inhalation exposure system for accurate inhaled dose delivery

Abstract

Introduction A custom designed HD exposure system was used to deliver controlled inhaled doses to an animal model through an endotracheal tube. Methods Target HD vapor challenges were generated by a temperature controlled bubbler/aerosol trap, while concentration was monitored near real-time by gas chromatography. Animal breathing parameters were monitored real-time by an in-line pneumotach, pressure transducer, and Buxco pulmonary analysis computer/software. For each exposure, the challenge atmosphere was allowed to stabilize at the desired concentration while the anesthetized animal was provided humidity controlled clean air. Once the target concentration was achieved and stable, a portion of the challenge atmosphere was drawn past the endotracheal tube, where the animal inhaled the exposure ad libitum. During the exposure, HD vapor concentration and animal weight were used to calculate the needed inhaled volume to achieve the target inhaled dose (μg/kg). The exposures were halted when the inhaled volume was achieved. Results The exposure system successfully controlled HD concentrations from 22.2 to 278 mg/m3 and accurately delivered inhaled doses between 49.3 and 1120 μg/kg with actual administered doses being within 4% of the target level. Discussion This exposure system administers specific HD inhaled doses to evaluate physiological effects and for evaluation of potential medical countermeasure treatments.

Analysis of Different Fates of DNA Adducts in Adipocytes Post-sulfur Mustard Exposure in Vitro and in Vivo Using a Simultaneous UPLC-MS/MS Quantification Method

“…1 Because of its highly reactive chemical properties, liquid or vapor SM can cause serious damage to exposed organisms. 2 Since World War I in the early 20th century to the recent Iraq−Iran conflict, in addition to SM-inflicted death, a large number of victims have also suffered from SM-induced blistering, necrosis, painful wounds, metabolic disorders, and chronic diseases. 3−5 Furthermore, residual SM contamination from war remains a continuous threat to civilians.…”

“…Sulfur mustard (2,2′-dichloroethyl sulfide, SM) is one of the most utilized chemical warfare agents . Because of its highly reactive chemical properties, liquid or vapor SM can cause serious damage to exposed organisms . Since World War I in the early 20th century to the recent Iraq–Iran conflict, in addition to SM-inflicted death, a large number of victims have also suffered from SM-induced blistering, necrosis, painful wounds, metabolic disorders, and chronic diseases. − Furthermore, residual SM contamination from war remains a continuous threat to civilians. , For example, SM chemical weapons abandoned by the Japanese army after 1945 were scattered throughout China; exposure accidents occasionally occurred .…”