“…Traditionally, carbon-based materials have been used as anodes due to their excellent electrochemical cycling stability. [25][26][27][28] However, the double-layer charge storage limits the capacitance of carbon anodes and causes a large kinetic imbalance between anode and cathode materials. This can negatively affect the capacitance and energy density of cells, as indicated by the equation 1 29 where C T , C 1 , and C 2 are the capacitances of the whole cell, cathode and anode electrodes, respectively.…”