“…Commercial GPCs for dental restoration, such as Fuji IX GP (GC Europe NV, Leuven, Belgium) and Ketac Cem Easymix (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN) contain aluminum ions (Al 3+ ) (Kim, Kim, Kim, & Kwon, 2011) that may cause defective bone mineralization (Blades, Moore, Revell, & Hill, 1998; Taïr et al, 2016). To address this issue, the chemistry of GPCs have been modified (Boyd, Clarkin, Wren, & Towler, 2008; Clarkin, Wren, Thornton, Cooney, & Towler, 2011), with elements such as zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr) and tantalum (Ta) added to Al‐free GPCs in an attempt to avoid defective mineralization and impart antibacterial efficiency, biocompatibility, chemical stability and bone regeneration (Alhalawani, Mehrvar, Stone, Waldman, & Towler, 2017; Alhalawani & Towler, 2017; Boyd, Li, Tanner, Towler, & Wall, 2006; Clarkin et al, 2011). The GPC has been shown to bond chemically with bone due to ion exchange at the interface with the mineral phase of bone and the GPC (Khader, Peel, & Towler, 2017).…”