A Novel Three-Head Ultrasonic System for Distance Measurements Based on the Correlation Method

Gądek, Krzysztof; Dudzik, Marek; Stręk, Anna

doi:10.2478/msr-2014-0045

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…For this reason, minor destructive methods are used for the evaluation of mortar strength in historical brick walls. These methods are based on tests carried out on small specimens cut out from masonry bed joints or by in situ tests [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Most in situ methods are based on the measurement of the depth of steel needle penetration or the amount of energy required to drill a small cavity in the mortar joints.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Mortar Strength in Historical Brick Masonry Using the Penetrometer Test and Double Punch Test

Łątka

Matysek

2020

Materials

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This paper presents the results of the minor destructive testing of mortars in masonry structures of four buildings erected at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The buildings were erected in the historical centre of Cracow. The objective of testing was to determine mortar compressive strength in masonry joints. The in situ tests were carried out with the use of a penetrometer RSM-15 with the standardised impact energy equalling 4.55 nm. Laboratory tests on mortar specimens taken from the structures were also performed. The double punch test method was used in the laboratory tests. On account of the specificity of the tested historical mortars, the typical procedures used in penetrometer and double punch tests were modified. For penetrometer tests, a new feature called “a surface disturbance zone” was introduced. Additionally, a procedure for determining a surface disturbance zone range was included. As confirmed in the paper, the consideration of the surface disturbance zone in the analysis of test results is crucial for the correct evaluation of mortar compressive strength. The thicknesses of bed joints in the tested historical masonry considerably exceeded the requirements included in the standard EN 1996-1-1. Thus, the thickness of the mortar specimens taken from historical masonry for the double punch tests clearly exceeded the thickness of specimens extracted from the typical structures erected nowadays. This article provides a method of considering a specimen thickness parameter in the analysis of double punch test results. The in situ test results with the use of penetrometer and double punch methods confirmed that the mortar strength in tested historical buildings ranged from 1.4 to 2.9 MPa. Mortar compressive strength values determined by both applied methods were similar.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Mortar Strength in Historical Brick Masonry Using the Penetrometer Test and Double Punch Test

Łątka

Matysek

2020

Materials

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“…To this end, the building was retrofitted with a skin, either outside or inside the existing building enclosure that linked solar panels and geothermal storage with passive house technology [5]. Thus, what was originally developed as an affordable, low-tech solution for including heat storage in cold climates is today merged with the environmental quality management (EQM) concepts [6] and modern control technology [7,8,9,10,11,12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modular statistical system for an integrated environmental control

et al. 2020

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In this paper series, we will examine the relation between the smart grid and the next generation of buildings. The new objective is now to design buildings so that the energy exchange takes place in time suitable for both sides. The building takes energy from the grid and give it back at different time because in the next generation of buildings they are equipped in advanced control system that controls energy storage for several hours and the new or retrofitted building can eliminate energy peaks and valleys for itself and assist the smart grid in equalization of the load. The control systems include monitoring and modeling of energy use and indoor environment to arrive to a weather-based prediction, Therefore, in part 1 of the paper series we address collecting, processing and analysis of the measurement data that can be done by the new modular statistical software alone or in conjunction with a dedicated neural network. We want to minimize energy use and maximize the thermal comfort of the occupants. Using the modular structure of the database, data transformation technologies and other existing tools, the modular statistical software (MSS) has been created to process large amounts of data as input to the decision-making algorithm. This is to enable buildings automated control (BAC) to take over the control of heating/cooling, ventilation, illumination and other performance aspects that relate to sustainability of built environment.

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“…With an adequate structure, artificial neuron network permits to define an operation of the fragment of the complex system with its interaction to the not examined elements of the system. In particular, time-related property measured in a constant time interval may not have bias of time-integration of other methods [5], [6] and modelling of the random phenomena even though the results are valid only in the range of variability used in the learning data set i.e., no extrapolation is allowed. ANN can be used to multi-parameter effects where the weights of different parameters is not known; multi-layered and onedirectional structure of ANN may assist in formulating the functions governing the physical properties analyzed [5,[7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introduction To Artificial Neural Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can artificial neuron networks be used for control of HVAC in environmental quality management systems?

Romanska-Zapala

Bomberg

2019

MATEC Web Conf.

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The concept of environmental quality management has been described in papers [1 - 4] that looked at the next generation of low energy buildings from the point of view of the occupant. Optimizing energy use is difficult for a few reasons: presence of dramatic changes in the manner we design and operate buildings, change in the role of an architect who must be a leader of interacting team, often quality management is biased towards the design more than on performance of the finished product and finally the need for integrated monitoring and modeling in the occupancy stage. Effectively, we are integrating heating/cooling and ventilation with the structure at the same time as we verify the appropriateness of the new methods to evaluate performance of these systems. In this process we require double controls, one by the occupant and the other by the computerized (smart) control system. The traditional approaches to modify human behavior generally failed because occupants were not given enough control over their environment. Thus, a major part of the trend to a low-carbon, climate resilient future will be focused on methodology to include path from a complex field testing of building performance to simplified testing that combined with simple monitoring and data from utilities would allow assessment of the energy and carbon emission in a district of a city. Our experience shows that preliminary design must be optimized during the period of service for all more complex buildings such as large residential, office or commercial buildings. In this context the artificial neural network approach appears to have significant advantages. Yet, traditionally ANN requires large data set to establish functional relations during the learning stage and therefore the first question is how precise can the control of temperature be when the heat exchanger is subjected to different climatic conditions.

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A Novel Three-Head Ultrasonic System for Distance Measurements Based on the Correlation Method

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Determination of Mortar Strength in Historical Brick Masonry Using the Penetrometer Test and Double Punch Test

Determination of Mortar Strength in Historical Brick Masonry Using the Penetrometer Test and Double Punch Test

Modular statistical system for an integrated environmental control

Can artificial neuron networks be used for control of HVAC in environmental quality management systems?

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