A Novel Wide, Dual-and Triple-Band Frequency Reconfigurable Butler Matrix Based on Transmission Line Resonators

Seddiki, Mohamed Lamine; Nedil, Mourad; Ghanem, F.

doi:10.1109/access.2018.2886203

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Along with the rapid and continuous advancement of technology, the development of microwave devices capable of operating at different resonant frequencies [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] or multi-tasking using the same device [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] became a necessity. Crossover with dualband response was achieved by increasing the length of the vertical TLs of a branch-line crossover (BLCO) to double the length of the horizontal TLs [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Frequency-Reconfigurable Dual-Band RF Crossover Based on Coupled Lines and Open Stubs

Alazemi,

Almatar

2024

Electronics

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This paper presents a frequency-reconfigurable dual-band radio frequency (RF) crossover based on quarter-wavelength coupled lines (CLs) and open stubs. Initially, an even–odd-mode analysis was conducted for the design, and closed-form equations were found. Then an advanced design system (ADS) was utilized to support and further optimize the theoretical analysis. Afterwards, high-frequency simulation software (HFSS) was used to simulate the proposed design. The proposed device is printed on a 1.524 mm RO4003C printed-circuit board (εr=3.55). The frequency tunability is achieved by employing two varactor diodes connected to the open stubs. When the biasing voltage is altered, the capacitance of the SMV1405 varactor can change from 2.67 pF to 0.63 pF. Accordingly, the two operating frequencies can be continuously tuned from 2.06 GHz to 2.40 GHz and from 5.44 GHz to 5.84 GHz. For the low-frequency range, return loss and isolation are above 15 dB, and the insertion loss is less than 1.1 dB. As for the high-frequency range, the return loss is greater than 20 dB, the isolation is better than 15 dB, and the insertion loss is lower than 1.6 dB. The measurement results agreed well with the simulation results, and the crossover overall size is 45.5 mm × 29.4 mm. The proposed device can be utilized for various application areas, such as 5G smartphone applications and satellite communication.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Frequency-Reconfigurable Dual-Band RF Crossover Based on Coupled Lines and Open Stubs

Alazemi,

Almatar

2024

Electronics

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“…[1][2][3]. Additional functionalities may include multi-band operation [4,5], tunability [6] or harmonic suppression [7]. Meeting these requirements can be even more challenging due to growing demands for compact size [8,9], which is imperative for emerging applications (e.g., 5G communications [10], Internet of Things (IoT) [11], energy harvesting [12] or sensors [13]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced-Cost Optimization-Based Miniaturization of Microwave Passives by Multi-Resolution EM Simulations for Internet of Things and Space-Limited Applications

2022

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Stringent performance specifications along with constraints imposed on physical dimensions make the design of contemporary microwave components a truly onerous task. In recent years, the latter demand has been growing in importance with the innovative application of areas such as the Internet of Things coming into play. The need to employ full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations for response evaluation, reliable, yet CPU-heavy, only aggravates the issue. This paper proposes a reduced-cost miniaturization algorithm that employs a trust-region search procedure and multi-resolution EM simulations. In our approach, the resolution of the EM model is adjusted throughout the optimization process based on its convergence status starting from the lowest admissible fidelity. As the algorithm converges, the resolution is increased up to the high-fidelity one, used at the final phase to ensure reliability. Four microwave components have been utilized as verification structures: an impedance matching transformer and three branch-line couplers. Significant savings in terms of the number of EM analyses required to conclude the size reduction process of 41, 42, 38 and 50 percent have been obtained (in comparison to a single-fidelity procedure). The footprint area of the designs optimized using the proposed approach are equal to 32, 205, 410 and 132 mm2, in comparison to 52, 275, 525 and 213 mm2 of the initial (and already compact) design.

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“…Perhaps the major reason is that traditionally used analytical or network-equivalent tools are no longer adequate when EM cross-couplings [5], substrate anisotropy [6], the effects of environmental components (connectors, housing, nearby devices) [7], or multi-physics phenomena [8], are to be taken into account. At the same time, the topological complexity of microwave circuits has been gradually increasing to meet the stringent performance requirements pertinent to emerging areas (5G communications [9], energy harvesting [10], wireless power transfer [11], space applications [12]), to enable miniaturization [13]- [15], or to implement additional functionalities (dual-band [16], [17] or multi-band operation [18], [19], tunability [20], unconventional phase characteristics [21], etc.). Topologically sophisticated circuits are described by a large number of design variables that need to be simultaneously tuned in pursuit of controlling multiple performance figures and constraints.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced-Cost Microwave Design Closure by Multi-Resolution EM Simulations and Knowledge-Based Model Management

2021

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Parameter adjustment through numerical optimization has become a commonplace of contemporary microwave engineering. Although circuit theory methods are ubiquitous in the development of microwave components, the initial designs obtained with such tools have to be further tuned to improve the system performance. This is particularly pertinent to miniaturized structures, where the cross-coupling effects cannot be adequately accounted for using equivalent networks. For the sake of reliability, design closure is normally performed using full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation models, which entails considerable computational expenses, often impractically excessive. Available mitigation techniques include acceleration of the conventional (e.g., gradient-based) routines using adjoint sensitivities or sparse sensitivity updates, surrogate-assisted and machine learning algorithms, the latter often combined with nature-inspired procedures. Another alternative is the employment of variable-fidelity simulations (e.g., space mapping, co-kriging), which is most often limited to two levels of accuracy (coarse/fine). This work discusses an EM model management approach coupled with trust-region gradient-based routine, which exploits problem-specific knowledge for continuous (multi-level) modification of the discretization density of the microwave structure at hand in the course of the optimization run. The optimization process is launched at the lowest discretization level, thereby allowing for low-cost exploitation of the knowledge about the device under study. Subsequently, based on the convergence indicators, the model fidelity is gradually increased to ensure reliability. The simulation fidelity selection is governed by the algorithm convergence indicators. Computational speedup (i.e., reduction in the number of EM simulations required by the optimization process to converge) is achieved by maintaining low resolution in the initial stages of the optimization run, whereas design quality is secured by eventually switching to the high-fidelity model when close to concluding the process. Numerical verification is carried out using two microstrip circuits, a dual-band power divider and a dual-band branch-line coupler, with the average savings of almost sixty percent when compared to single-fidelity optimization.

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A Novel Wide, Dual-and Triple-Band Frequency Reconfigurable Butler Matrix Based on Transmission Line Resonators

Cited by 9 publications

References 22 publications

A Frequency-Reconfigurable Dual-Band RF Crossover Based on Coupled Lines and Open Stubs

A Frequency-Reconfigurable Dual-Band RF Crossover Based on Coupled Lines and Open Stubs

Reduced-Cost Optimization-Based Miniaturization of Microwave Passives by Multi-Resolution EM Simulations for Internet of Things and Space-Limited Applications

Reduced-Cost Microwave Design Closure by Multi-Resolution EM Simulations and Knowledge-Based Model Management

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