2009
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.012047
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A Novel WRKY-like Protein Involved in Transcriptional Activation of Cyst Wall Protein Genes in Giardia lamblia

Abstract: Synthesis of a protective cyst wall is required for survival outside of the host and for infection of Giardia lamblia. Little is known of gene regulation of the cyst wall proteins (CWPs) during differentiation into dormant cysts. WRKY homologues constitute a large family of DNA-binding proteins in plants that are involved in several key cellular functions, including disease resistance, stress response, dormancy, and development. A putative wrky gene has been identified in the G. lamblia genome. We found that w… Show more

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Cited by 70 publications
(106 citation statements)
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“…This suggests that all these transcription factors interact to reach expression levels beyond a threshold to allow encysting cells to progress to ESV biogenesis and biosynthesis of precursors of the [GalNAc(β1➝3)GalNAc(β1➝3)] n polymer. Of note, when ERK1 was constitutively over-expressed, transfected trophozoites showed increased levels of cwp 1-2, wrky and myb2 mRNAs (Pan et al, 2009), which provides additional evidence that these encystation-regulated markers may be downstream elements of the MAPK/ ERK pathway described herein (Fig. 3).…”
Section: Srebp Another Factor In the Scenariosupporting
confidence: 62%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…This suggests that all these transcription factors interact to reach expression levels beyond a threshold to allow encysting cells to progress to ESV biogenesis and biosynthesis of precursors of the [GalNAc(β1➝3)GalNAc(β1➝3)] n polymer. Of note, when ERK1 was constitutively over-expressed, transfected trophozoites showed increased levels of cwp 1-2, wrky and myb2 mRNAs (Pan et al, 2009), which provides additional evidence that these encystation-regulated markers may be downstream elements of the MAPK/ ERK pathway described herein (Fig. 3).…”
Section: Srebp Another Factor In the Scenariosupporting
confidence: 62%
“…In spite of lacking 8 of 12 general eukaryotic transcription factors (Best et al, 2004), Giardia possesses at least four other transcription factors that are overexpressed in encystation and bind to and transactivate gene promoters of encystation markers: GARP-like protein 1 (GLP1) and AT-rich interaction domain protein 1 (ARID1) for cwp1 promoter; Myb2 for promoters of cwp 1-3, g6pi-b and myb2 itself and a WRKY protein homolog for promoters of cwp 1-2, myb2 and wrky itself (Sun et al, 2002;Sun et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2007;Pan et al, 2009). The manipulated overexpression of some of these transcription factors provided further insights: for instance, the constitutive over-expression of Myb2 moderately increased cwp1 expression (≈ 3.7-fold) as compared with levels observed during bile-induced encystation (≈ 47-fold; Huang et al, 2008).…”
Section: Srebp Another Factor In the Scenariomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…C. reinhardtii WRKY1, therefore, may be an early WRKY mediating cross-talk between pathways in the alga. Further supporting the hypothesis that WRKYs played an ancient role in modulating metabolism, a group I-like WRKY from G. lamblia functions downstream of a MAPK cascade to regulate cyst cell wall formation (Pan et al, 2009). Understanding WRKY family evolution will reveal the extent, when, and how WRKYs specifically contributed to the rise of plantspecialized metabolism.…”
Section: The Future: Where To Go From Here?mentioning
confidence: 88%
“…WRKY factors were generally regarded as being plant specific, but their identification in the protist Giardia lamblia and the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum imply an earlier origin (Ü lker and Somssich, 2004;Pan et al, 2009). They may have evolutionary links with transposons such as Mutator-like elements and could have originated from a BED finger intermediate (an atypical zinc finger DNA-binding domain found both in cellular chromatin boundary element-binding proteins BEAF and DREF and in transposases from animals), although this is controversially debated (Babu et al, 2006;Yamasaki et al, 2008).…”
Section: The Wrky Factorsmentioning
confidence: 99%