“…Further studies focused on the analytical [ 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 ], numerical [ 59 , 65 , 66 , 79 , 81 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 ], and experimental [ 54 , 59 , 65 , 66 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 ] investigation of SMA-based smart structures. Indeed, SMA were used as axial [ 91 ], flexural [ 54 , 65 , 66 , 93 , 98 , 99 , 100 ], twisting [ 94 , 95 ], or non-planar [ 79 , 96 ] actuators.…”