A Numerical Study of Nonisothermal Reactive Flow in a Dual-Scale Porous Medium Under Partial Saturation

Pillai, Krishna M.; Jadhav, Rajendra S.

doi:10.1080/10407780490520841

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In the case of reactive RTM, chemical reactions occur during filling, generating evolutions in the degree of cure of the resin, coupled with heat generations and modifications of the viscosity. Pillai proposes in Pillai and Jadhav 17 a 2D model to simulate the filling of a single fiber tow, using finite elements to determine the non-isothermal flow of a reactive resin in the channel as well as in the tow. The transfer of the quantities of interest is conducted for each element, using mass, energy, or degree of cure balance.…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient dual-scale flow and thermo-chemo-rheological coupling simulation during on-line mixing resin transfer molding process

Imbert

Abisset-Chavanne

Comas-Cardona

et al. 2017

Journal of Composite Materials

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Simulation tools are required to ease the determination of the optimal process parameters and injection strategy of short cycle resin transfer molding (RTM). The developed finite element method/volume of fluid numerical tool aims to simulate accurately and efficiently the flow of a reactive resin mixed on-line in a dual-scale porous reinforcement during the resin transfer molding process. A macroscopic mesh deals with the flow inside of the channels of the reinforcement while a representative microstructure associated to each element allows reproducing both the unsaturated area and the intra-tow resin storage. Degree of cure, temperature, and viscosity are updated and transported at each time step, both in the channels and in the tows of the fabric using advection equations and sink and source terms for inter-scale exchanges. A new flexible approach based on the textile’s geometry defines automatically the representative microstructure associated to each macroscopic element depending on its size and shape. Additionally, tow saturation is simplified under the assumption of high-speed injection to a sum of one-dimensional transverse tow saturation problems, which reduces the computational cost of the simulation. Convergence tests have highlighted the ability for the simulation tool to treat with an equivalent degree of accuracy a saturation problem with elements exhibiting element sizes three times smaller to three times bigger than the length of the unsaturated area. Significant computation time reductions have also been noticed when large elements were used. Finally thermo-chemo-rheological coupled simulations have been conducted, highlighting the importance of taking the dual-scale effect into account when simulating reactive injections with on-line mixing.

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Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient dual-scale flow and thermo-chemo-rheological coupling simulation during on-line mixing resin transfer molding process

Imbert

Abisset-Chavanne

Comas-Cardona

et al. 2017

Journal of Composite Materials

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“…(Recently, Rajendra et al [38] showed, using a simple two-layer model for the dual-scale porous medium, that temperatures inside the tows can be higher by as much as 15 C when a relatively cold liquid is injected into a hot mold. Later, it was also shown [39,40] that the resin cures inside tows in such a medium is much higher than the cures in the surrounding inter-tow region.) Unfortunately, the researchers using the K unsat approach still persist with the conventional single-scale equations for temperature and cure for mold-filling simulations in LCM.…”

Section: Unsaturated Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Modeling the Unsaturated Flow in Liquid Composite Molding Processes: A Review and Some Thoughts

Pillai

2004

Journal of Composite Materials

Self Cite

124

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The liquid composite molding (LCM) processes for manufacturing polymer composites involve injecting a thermoset resin into a fiber-packed mold cavity. Very often, the fiber preform behind the resin front is partially saturated during the mold-filling process in LCM, giving rise to an unsaturated flow in that region. This paper first discusses the role of dual-scale porous media in inducing unsaturated flow in certain directional (woven, stitched, or braided) mats due to the delayed impregnation of tows. The approach of using a sink term in the mass balance equation is compared with the traditional approach of using unsaturated permeability for modeling unsaturated flow in dual-scale directional mats. Later, the relation of unsaturated flow with the phenomenon of bubble formation and migration is discussed. The lack of connection between the unsaturated flow research on the one hand, and the bubble creation and migration research on the other, is highlighted next. A few suggestions are offered on related topics, including the modeling of bubble motion, and the need for accurate experiments in unsaturated flow.

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“…under the action of a given pressure difference. The flow of the medium in the fabric can be considered as the flow of a Newtonian fluid in a porous medium and follows Darcy's law [27] :…”

Section: Glass Fiber Fabricmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Permeability Mechanism of Aramid Fiber/Glass Fiber Hybrid Fabrics

Liang,

Ye,

Liu

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Aramid fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites exhibit exceptional mechanical and insulating properties, so they are widely used in ultra-high-voltage power transmission applications. Permeability, an inherent property of the fiber fabric, plays a critical role in defect control in aramid fiber composites. Currently, permeability properties of aramid fibers and their hybrid counterparts have not been researched. In this study, the permeability properties of aramid fiber fabrics, glass fiber fabrics, and hybrid fabrics are investigated using digital cameras and pressure sensors. Fabric structure was studied using a combination of three-dimensional ultra-deep microscopes, AFM and SEM, using various hybrid methods. The wettability of materials with different hybridization is evaluated by analyzing the dynamic contact angle and surface free energy. The research results show that the in-plane permeability of aramid/glass fiber hybrid fabrics is 36.19% higher than that of aramid fibers, while the out-of-plane permeability is 16.79% higher. Within the layers, the in-plane permeability of the hybrid fabric with glass fibers increased by 64.97%, while the out-of-plane permeability increased by 30.1%. These results show a positive hybrid effect of the fiber combination, which has higher permeability within the layers than between the layers.

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A Numerical Study of Nonisothermal Reactive Flow in a Dual-Scale Porous Medium Under Partial Saturation

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

Efficient dual-scale flow and thermo-chemo-rheological coupling simulation during on-line mixing resin transfer molding process

Efficient dual-scale flow and thermo-chemo-rheological coupling simulation during on-line mixing resin transfer molding process

Modeling the Unsaturated Flow in Liquid Composite Molding Processes: A Review and Some Thoughts

Study on the Permeability Mechanism of Aramid Fiber/Glass Fiber Hybrid Fabrics

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