A one health investigation of pathogenic trypanosomes of cattle in Malawi

Chimera, E.T.; Fosgate, Geoffrey T.; Etter, Éric; Boulangé, Alain; Vorster, Ilse; Neves, Luís

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105255

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Over the years, the rapidly increasing demand for livestock products by the human population has led to the development of intensive production of food animals, such as cattle, poultry and pigs [ 1 ], and the increase of antimicrobial resistance, due to the uncontrolled use of antimicrobials [ 2 , 3 ] for the prevention and treatment of infections, promotion of growth and improvement in production [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of Commensal E. coli Isolated from Conventional, Antibiotic-Free, and Organic Meat Chickens on Farms and at Slaughter toward Antimicrobials with Public Health Relevance

et al. 2021

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The spread of resistant bacteria from livestock to the food industry promoted an increase of alternative poultry production systems, such as organic and antibiotic-free ones, based on the lack of antimicrobial use, except in cases in which welfare is compromised. We aimed to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from organic, antibiotic-free, and conventional broiler farms and slaughterhouses toward several antimicrobials critically important for human health. To assess antimicrobial susceptibility, all E. coli isolates and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli were analysed by the microdilution method. The prevalence of tigecycline, azithromycin and gentamicin E. coli-resistant strains was highest in organic samplings. Conversely, the lowest prevalence of resistant E. coli strains was observed for cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin in organic systems, representing a significant protective factor compared to conventional systems. All E. coli strains were colistin-susceptible. Contamination of the external environment by drug-resistant bacteria could play a role in the presence of resistant strains detected in organic systems. Of interest is the highest prevalence of cephalosporin resistance of E. coli in conventional samplings, since they are not permitted in poultry. Our results suggest that monitoring of antibiotic resistance of the production chain may be helpful to detect “risks” inherent to different rearing systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of Commensal E. coli Isolated from Conventional, Antibiotic-Free, and Organic Meat Chickens on Farms and at Slaughter toward Antimicrobials with Public Health Relevance

et al. 2021

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“…Tsetse control activities are also carried out in a number of countries in which rhodesiense HAT is endemic, including Kenya [ 38 ], Malawi [ 39 ], United Republic of Tanzania [ 40 , 41 ], Uganda [ 42 ], Zambia [ 43 ] and Zimbabwe [ 44 ], where interventions against the tsetse vector are primarily driven by the need to control animal trypanosomiasis; interventions are normally implemented by veterinary services and livestock keepers. However, the benefits to One Health of tsetse control are well recognized both nationally and internationally [ 45 ], and they are explicitly pursued in many areas [ 46 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: Achievements in relation to WHO road map targets for 2020

et al. 2022

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Background In the 20th century, epidemics of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) ravaged communities in a number of African countries. The latest surge in disease transmission was recorded in the late 1990s, with more than 35,000 cases reported annually in 1997 and 1998. In 2013, after more than a decade of sustained control efforts and steady progress, the World Health Assembly resolved to target the elimination of HAT as a public health problem by 2020. We report here on recent progress towards this goal. Methodology/principal findings With 992 and 663 cases reported in 2019 and 2020 respectively, the first global target was amply achieved (i.e. fewer than 2,000 HAT cases/year). Areas at moderate or higher risk of HAT, where more than 1 case/10,000 people/year are reported, shrunk to 120,000 km2 for the five-year period 2016–2020. This reduction of 83% from the 2000–2004 baseline (i.e. 709,000 km2) is slightly below the target (i.e. 90% reduction). As a result, the second global target for HAT elimination as a public health problem cannot be considered fully achieved yet. The number of health facilities able to diagnose and treat HAT expanded (+9.6% compared to a 2019 survey), thus reinforcing the capacity for passive detection and improving epidemiological knowledge of the disease. Active surveillance for gambiense HAT was sustained. In particular, 2.8 million people were actively screened in 2019 and 1.6 million in 2020, the decrease in 2020 being mainly caused by COVID-19-related restrictions. Togo and Côte d’Ivoire were the first countries to be validated for achieving elimination of HAT as a public health problem at the national level; applications from three additional countries are under review by the World Health Organization (WHO). Conclusions/significance The steady progress towards the elimination of HAT is a testament to the power of multi-stakeholder commitment and coordination. At the end of 2020, the World Health Assembly endorsed a new road map for 2021–2030 that set new bold targets for neglected tropical diseases. While rhodesiense HAT remains among the diseases targeted for elimination as a public health problem, gambiense HAT is targeted for elimination of transmission. The goal for gambiense HAT is expected to be particularly arduous, as it might be hindered by cryptic reservoirs and a number of other challenges (e.g. further integration of HAT surveillance and control into national health systems, availability of skilled health care workers, development of more effective and adapted tools, and funding for and coordination of elimination efforts).

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“…By replacing refined maize flour (woyera) with whole grain flour (mgaiwa), which avoids milling losses associated with dehulling, the availability of maize grains at the household level could potentially be extended from the 6 to 7 months, by approximately 2 months of availability. While the bran generated from the dehulling process is traditionally given to livestock it is noteworthy that a significant proportion of the food-insecure population, particularly the less privileged, does not keep livestock or keep it as free-range [13,14]. Paradoxically, they continue the culturally ingrained practice of dehulling maize, resulting in the aforementioned loss.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole Maize Flour for Better Food and Nutrition Security in Malawi

Ngoma,

Taleon,

Mvumi

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Maize is the staple cereal in Malawi, with a daily per capita consumption of 383g (dry matter basis), primarily consumed as dehulled maize flour used to cook nsima, a thick porridge. However, the extent of mass and nutrient loss during dehulling remains unclear in this food-insecure country, where the household maize harvest typically lasts only 6–7 months. In the current study, a milling experiment to determine yield and micronutrient losses was conducted. Milling batches (30 kg) of four maize grain varieties were dehulled at three abrasive disk dehullers under controlled conditions. Mass losses ranged from 18.8% to 42.7%, with a mean of 28.2±5.7%. Maize variety and dehuller significantly affected mass loss (p&lt;0.05). Initial protein, iron, and zinc concentrations were 8.8 ±1.0 g/100g, 20.5±2.0 µg/g, and 18.2 ±2.6 µg/g, respectively. Post-dehulling nutrient true retention varied for protein (49.7% to 75.6%, mean=64.7±7.0%), iron (18.7% to 71.6%, mean=37.6±12.0 %), and zinc (11.0% to 46.2%, mean=27.9±8.7 %). Maize variety significantly influenced mass and protein loss (p &lt; 0.05), while dehuller influenced mass, iron, and zinc losses. However, no significant difference (p &gt; 0.05) was found in the interaction between dehullers and variety on mass and nutrient losses, respectively. Given Malawi's precarious food insecurity situation, transitioning from dehulled maize flour nsima to whole maize flour or less refined nsima, is imperative. Our study findings can have food and nutritional savings for other southern Africa countries where the dehulling practice is rampant.

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A one health investigation of pathogenic trypanosomes of cattle in Malawi

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

Susceptibility of Commensal E. coli Isolated from Conventional, Antibiotic-Free, and Organic Meat Chickens on Farms and at Slaughter toward Antimicrobials with Public Health Relevance

Susceptibility of Commensal E. coli Isolated from Conventional, Antibiotic-Free, and Organic Meat Chickens on Farms and at Slaughter toward Antimicrobials with Public Health Relevance

The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: Achievements in relation to WHO road map targets for 2020

Whole Maize Flour for Better Food and Nutrition Security in Malawi

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